Transcript Terra Nova Review

Terra Nova Review
Carin Miranda
Smyrna Middle School
Spring 2010
Inquiry 607.Inq.1
• Hypothesis-Educated guess or
possible explanation.
• Independent Variable-The thing that
you change.
• Control variable-Things that stay the
same.
• Dependant variable-The outcome or
the thing you measure at end.
Inquiry 607.Inq.2
• Measuring
− Time-stopwatch
− Distance-metric ruler
− Mass-scale or balance
− Temperature-thermometer
− Hygrometer Psychrometer-relative
humidity
Cause and Effect 607.Inq.3
• Control group-no changes
• Experimental group-change 1 thing
at a time and compare it to the
control group.
Bias and Error 607.Inq.4
• Sometime the results of an experiment
contain an error in the data or the analysis.
• Experiments may be done incorrectly.
• Scientists may have read the data wrong.
• Sometimes new evidence even goes
against existing theories.
• Bias is giving an unfair advantage
Communicating Results 607. Inq.5
• Models are used to explain how something
works or is structured.
• After collecting data, organize it into charts
and graphs
• Pie-percentages
• Bar-number of things
• Line-change over time
Technology and Engineering 607.TE.2
• Must consider constraints such as materials available, safety
procedure, and effects on environment.
− Identify the problem or need.
− Conduct research
− Make decisions about materials and processes
− Design and build models
− Perform test and evaluate.
− Modify the product
− Retest
− Final build.
Technology and Engineering 607.TE.3
• Planned benefits-things we plan
to happen and are good.
• Unintended consequences-things
we don’t plan to happen and
bad.
• Unintended benefit-things we
don’t plan to happen, but are
good.
Technology and Engineering 607.TE.4
• Adaptive bioengineering- Changes the living
organism.
− Examples-Prosthetic limbs, corrective eye surgery,
heart transplant.
• Assistive engineering- Helps the living organism,
but does not permanently change it.
− Examples-Crutches, wheelchairs, casts.
Interdependence 607.2.1
• Organisms that change energy in sunlight into chemical
energy or food are called producers.
• Photosynthesis- the process of using sunlight to make your
own energy.
• Most producers are plants.
• #1 producer in the ocean-algae.
• Organisms that eat other organisms are consumers.
• Organisms that get energy by breaking down dead
organisms are called decomposers.
• Decomposers such as bacteria and fungi are nature’s
recyclers.
Interdependence 607.2.2
• Food chain is a diagram that shows how
energy flows from one organism to the
next.
• Food web is a diagram that shows the
feeding relationship between organisms in
an ecosystem.
• Energy pyramid is a diagram that shows an
ecosystem’s loss of energy (large base
small top).
Interdependence 607.2.3
• Biotic-Living things. Plants and animals.
• Abiotic-Nonliving things. Rocks, temperature,
water, soil, and light.
Interdependence 607.2.4
Biome
Plants
Precipitation Animals
Desert
Cacti
<25 cm
Jackrabbits, reptiles
Savanna
Grasses
90-150 cm
Herds of herbivores
Deciduous Forest
Trees
75-250 cm
Deer, Bears, forest peeps
Temperate Grassland Grasses
25-75 cm
Antelope, Giraffes,
Tropical Rain Forest
Trees
200-450 cm
Diverse,spider monkeys
Tundra
Mosses
<25 cm
Reindeer, Caribou
Interdependence
• Mutualism-Both organisms benefit
• Commensalism-One benefits,
One unaffected.
• Parasitism-One benefits/One
Harmed.
Weather
• The Sun is the primary source of energy that drives the
weather on Earth
• High pressure air is denser than low pressure air.
• Relative humidity is a measurement of the amount of water
vapor present in the air
• Maritime air masses form over water so they are wet.
• Continental air masses are drier because they form over
land.
• Polar air masses are cold.
• Tropical air masses are warm.
Fronts
• Cold fronts form when cold air masses move under
warm air masses and push the warm air up.
Thunderstorms and heavy rain usually accompany
cold fronts.
• Warm fronts form when warm air masses move
over cold air masses. Drizzly rain usually
accompanies warm fronts.
• Occluded fronts form when warm air masses are
stuck between two colder air masses. Large
amounts of rain
• Stationary fronts form when cold air masses meet
warm air masses but neither air mass has enough
force to lift the warm air up. Many days of cloudy,
wet weather.
The Universe 607.6.1
• Telescope-The tool that astronomers
use to observe the universe.
• Big Bang theory- Theory that states
that the universe expanded rapidly
and matter began to clump together
to form galaxies.
• We live in the Milky way, a spiral
galaxy.
The Universe 607.6.2
• Inner solar system-4 planets closest to the sun.
− Small, dense, rocky, and close together
− Called terrestrial planets
− Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
• Outer Planets-4 planets after the asteroid belt.
− Large, far apart, and made of gas
− Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
• Kuiper Belt-area beyond Neptune
− Cold and contains Pluto (which is not a
planet)
The Universe 607.6.3
• Solar System-contains sun, planets, and small
objects.
• Orbit-The path that the planets take around the
sun.
• Revolution-One complete trip around the sun.
− Takes earth 365 days (year)
• Rotation-Spinning on the axis.
− Takes earth 24 hours (day)
• Moon revolves around the Earth every 29 days.
(month).
The Universe 607.6.4
• We see the moon because light from the sun
reflects off of its surface.
• Phases of the moon-seeing different amounts of
light based on the position of earth, moon, and
sun.
• Waxing-When the sunlight portion we are seeing is
getting larger.
• Waning-When the sunlight portion of the moon we
see is getting smaller.
• Draw picture from page 295.
The Universe 607.6.5
• Tides are caused by the effect of the moon’s
gravity on Earth.
• High tides occur in the portion of the oceans that
are directly facing the moon and on the opposite
side of the Earth.
• You will have high tide 12 hours later in the same
locations.
• The sun’s gravity also affects the tides, but not as
much because it is so far away.
• Draw picture from top of page 299.
The Universe 607.6.6
• The curve of the Earth affects the amount of direct solar
energy at different latitudes.
• Sun’s rays hit the equator at a 90 degree angle, so they
receive full benefit of the sun and have warmer
temperatures.
• Sun’s rays hit the poles at lesser angle, so they receive less
direct sunlight and it is colder.
• Because of the earth’s tilted axis we have seasons.
• When an area is pointed toward the sun they are having
summer, when it is pointed away from the sun it is having
winter.
• Draw picture from page 291.
The Universe 607.6.7
• Eclipse-when the shadow of one celestial
body falls on another.
• Solar eclipse- moon is in between the Earth
and sun, and the shadow falls on the Earth.
• Lunar eclipse- when the earth comes in
between the moon and the sun and the
shadow of earth falls on the moon.
− Moon appears red. Does not happen
every month because the moon’s orbit is
tilted 5 degrees.
The Atmosphere
607.8.1
• Masses of air move by
convection currents, when there
are differences in air pressure.
• Uneven heating of the Earth by
the sun causes these differences
in air pressure
• Warm air rises, cool air sinks.
The Atmosphere
607.8.2
•Warm air rises, cool air sinks.
•If there is warm moist air near
the Earth’s surface it can
become unstable and
develop into a thunderstorm.
The Atmosphere 607.8.3
• Ocean surface currents are
controlled by wind, the Coriolois
Effect, and continental deflection.
• Deep currents are controlled by
water density caused by salinity and
temperatures.
• Cold sinks, warm rises.
• This is another convection current.
The Atmosphere
607.8.4
• Barometer-measures air pressure.
• Wind vane-measures wind direction.
• Anemometer-measures wind speed.
• Radar-finds the location, movement, and amount
of precipitation.
• Isobars-lines on a weather map that connect
points of equal pressure.
• Fronts-where different air masses meet.
Energy
607.10.1
• Kinetic energy-energy of motion.
• Potential energy-energy because of shape or
position.
• Gravitational potential energy-based on height
and weight.
• Elastic potential energy-based on stretching or
changing shape.
• Chemical potential energy-atoms are rearranged
like in food and batteries and plants.
Energy
607.10.2
• Mechanical energy-total energy of motion and
position together.
• Thermal energy-heat
• Electrical-moving electrons anything plugged in or
using batteries.
• Sound energy-caused by object’s vibrations (hear
it).
• Light energy-vibrations of electrically charged
particles (see it and electromagnetic waves).
Energy
607.10.3
•Law of conservation of
energy- energy cannot be
created or destroyed only
transferred from one form
to another.
Forces in Nature
607.12.1
• Electric circuit-closed path through which electric
charges can flow.
• Needs 3 things: Energy source, wires, and load.
• Energy source-electric socket or battery.
• Load-is the thing using the energy.
• Series circuit-all parts in a single loop-if 1 part goes
out it all goes out.
• Parallel circuit-loads are connected side by side-if
1 goes out the others remain on. Homes are wired
this way.
Forces in Nature
607.12.2
• Electrical conductor-a material in
which charges can move easily.
Metals good.
• Electrical insulator-charges
cannot move easily. Rubber,
plastics, wood, glass, and air are
good.