Transcript People and Ideas on the Move

People and Ideas on the Move
 What are some reasons people might migrate?
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What are some things that may PULL people to a region or
location?
What are some things that may PUSH people away from a
region or location?
 Has your family immigrated to the United States?
 Do you know anyone who has immigrated to or from
the United States?
People and Ideas on the Move
CH. 3
2000 B.C. – 250 B.C.
Migratory Civilizations in E. Europe/ W. Asia
 Indo- Europeans
 Aryans
Hittites
Indo-Europeans
 “Indo” refers to the Indian Subcontinent
 Europe in the West  India in the East
 Nomadic peoples who came from the steppes (dry
grasslands) between the Caucasus mountains
Indo-European Language (p.61)
Hittites (2000 BCE)
 Hittites settle Anatolia (modern day Turkey)
 Geography: high, rocky plateau, rich in timber, minerals
Hittites (2000 B.C. – 1190 B.C.)
 Occupied Babylon, fought with Egypt over N. Syria
 Superior war technology
 Chariot (center wheel, Iron construction)
 Iron weapons (iron ore and charcoal readily available in
mountains)
 Invasions from North led to decline
Aryans (1500 B.C. – 250 B.C.)
 Pastoral People
 Occupy modern day Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan,
India
Aryans (1500 B.C. – 250 B.C.)
 Little archeological (earthen) record
 Kept records using: Vedas
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Sacred literature (prayers, magical spells, instructions for
performing rituals)
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Periodic lack/ loss of a writing system
Aryan Civilization Cont.
 Development of a Caste System
 What is a Caste System?
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Aryan’s portray a feeling of superiority over other races
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Aryan (nobles) vs. Dasas (Indian peoples known as slaves)
Aryan Caste system is composed of multiple social classes:
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Brahmins (priests)
Warriors
Peasants or Traders
Shudras (non-Aryan laborers or craftspeople)
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Caste is for life, determined work, marriage, eating arrangements
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Caste System Cont.
(Brahmins)
Priests
Traders
Warriors
(Shudras)
Laborers
Examine textbook on p. 64 (The Aryan Caste System)
Aryan Civilizations Cont.
 Kingdoms Arise
 1000 B.C. minor kings desire to have territorial kingdoms
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Kingdom of Magadha arises as a result of the struggle for land
and power (one major kingdom)
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Violence and confusion lead to new religions in India
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Development of Hinduism and Buddhism
Hinduism and Buddhism Develop
 In pairs, examine p. 66-71 in textbook.
 Create a Venn Diagram comparing:
 Beliefs
 Practices
 of Buddhism and Hinduism
Hinduism and Buddhism Develop
 Intermingling of Aryans and Non-Aryans leads to
development of Hinduism
 As Hindu teachers attempt to explain Vedic hymns,
their comments are written down as Upanishads
 These Upanishads later become the basis for the
Hindu faith
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Hinduism (750-550BC)
No single founder
 No single set of ideas
 See religion as a way to liberate the soul from the illusions,
disappointments, and mistakes of everyday existence
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Hinduism
 Believe that persons can achieve moksha, a state of
perfect understanding of all things
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A person must understand the relationship between the
atman (soul of a living being) and Brahman (world soul
responsible for uniting all atmans) to achieve perfect
understanding or moksha
 This understanding comes through a process of
reincarnation, in which an individual soul or spirit
is born again
 Karma (the following of good or bad deeds from
one reincarnation to another)
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Determine life status , opportunity, ect.
Hinduism
 3 Gods of Hinduism
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Brahma: Creator
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Shiva:
Destroyer
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Vishnu:
Protector
Hinduism
 Worship of a god is not mandatory
 Free to choose from three paths to achieving moksha
 Path of right thinking,
 Path of right action,
 Path of religious devotion
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Good Karma results in good fortune, bad karma results bad
Hinduism
 Hinduism and the caste structure developed
during the Aryan time period still dominate
individual life
 As a result, Hindus are coerced into looking to
religion for guidance in order to better their chances
in future lives
Jainism
 Mahavira (founder, 599-527BC): Everything has a
soul and so should not be harmed
 Jians preach tolerance of all religions
 Few efforts convert followers
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http://www.jainworld.com/education/jainsymbol.htm
Founding of Buddhism
 Buddhism is founded by Siddhartha Gautama (563-
483BC)
 Isolated inside his father’s palace until the age of 29
due to his father’s hopes of him becoming a world
leader
 Ventured outside four times at the age of 29
 1st saw an old man
 2nd saw a sick man
 3rd saw a corpse
 4th saw a holy man at peace
Buddhism
 Interpreted these experiences as every living thing
experiences these misfortunes, but only a religious
life can provide refuge and peace
 Siddhartha wandered the forests of India for 6 years
searching for Enlightenment, or wisdom
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After 49 days of meditation, he understood the misfortunes
and suffering in the world
This Enlightenment gave him the title of the “Enlightened
One”, or Buddha
Buddhism
 1st sermon was preached to five companions
 Laid out the four main ideas that he had come to understand
 Four Noble Truths
 1. Life is filled with suffering and sorrow
 2. The cause of all suffering is people’s selfish desire for the
temporary pleasures of this world
 3. The way to end all suffering is to end all desires
 4. The way to overcome such desires and attain enlightenment
is to follow the Eightfold Path, which is called the Middle Way
between desires and self-denial
Buddhism
 To achieve enlightenment or Nirvana, Buddha
stated the need to follow the Eightfold Path:
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Right Views
Right Resolve
Right Speech
Right Conduct
Right Livelihood
Right Effort
Right Mindfulness
Right Concentration
 Anyone capable of reaching Nirvana
Buddhism
 Rejected many gods of Hinduism
 Rejected the caste system
 Both believe in a perfect state of understanding, a
break from the chain of reincarnations
Buddhism
 So what exactly happens when one achieves
Nirvana?
"Nirvana" is simply "understanding"
Understanding about the very nature of your being.
When you die with Nirvana, you get absorbed into the cosmic consiousness the very consciousness that is part of the creation.
If you chose to come back to further the creation process, you can (a la
Buddhism)..if not, you do what the stars and planets do at a level inconceivable
to humans....
Humanity is just the beginning of an ever evolutionary process....
enjoy the process....
Buddhism and Society (concluding facts)
 Many followers were laborers or craftspeople
 Buddha reluctantly admitted women
 Monks and nuns took vows of poverty, nonviolence,
and celibacy
 Teachings of Buddha are documented in the Jatakas
 Buddhism spread throughout Asia and Indonesia
Buddha Gestures
 DHAMMACAKKA is the first sermon of Lord
Buddha. In this ‘mudra’ hands are raised in front of
chest, while clinching the thumb and forefingers of
both hands.
Buddha Gestures
 ABHAYAMUDRA means fearlessness and kindness.
In this mudra, right hand is raised to level of
shoulder while palm facing opposite.
Buddha Gestures
 Third position of mudra is called Right Hand
BUMISPARA. Bumispara is made of two words Bumi
and spara, Bumi means earth and spara means
indicating towards. In this mudra right hand is
extended towards the earth god, palm facing towards
self and the fingers reaching below knee.
Buddha Gestures
 VARADA means generosity. In this position, hand is
extended towards the earth while palm is kept open
and outward. This position of Buddha’s statue shows
generosity.
Buddha Gestures
 VITARKA is next position of the statues, which
means teaching. Vitarka position is a method of
teaching to attain Lord Buddha. In this mudra the
hand is raised while thumb is touching forefinger
Buddha Gestures
 Dhyana is a position of meditation, where legs are
placed crossed above one another and the hands are
place quietly into lap of legs. The word Dhyana is
derived from pali language ‘jhana’ means meditation.
Buddha Gestures
 Last position of Buddha’s statue is known as ANJALI
means resepect & greeting In this mudra, both the
hands are raised in front the heart while palms
touching each other. Anjali mudra is the Buddha’s
way of respecting and welcoming.
Origins of Judaism
 Hebrews settled in Canaan
 Modern day: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, Egypt
 The land God had “promised to the Hebrew people”
Origins of Judaism
 Early knowledge of Judaism comes from the Torah
 Torah: first five (5) books of the Hebrew Bible
 Abraham is chosen by God to be the “father” of the
Hebrew people
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Moves his people to Canaan (1800 B.C.)
Hebrews are Monotheists: God = Yahweh
Covenant between Yahweh and Abraham protects Hebrews
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=STPVvd_II08
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Exodus
 Famine causes Hebrews to migrate to Egypt from
Canaan = forced into slavery
 Exodus (1300-1200 B.C.): Hebrews fled Egypt
 Remembered during Passover
Instructed to leave blood of a spring lamb
 “Festival of the unleavened bread”
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Moses led Hebrews out of slavery
New Covenant
 Ten Commandments
 Spoken to Moses on Mount Sinai (2 stone tablets)
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Basis for civil and religious law in Judaism
Formed a covenant between God and the Hebrew people
Desert Wandering
 Moses dies after 40 years of wandering
 Hebrews decide to return to Canaan
Develop civilization (city-dwellers)
 12 tribes (self-governing)
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Formation of Israel
 Tribes die out due to lack of structure and support
 Tribe of Judah remains  called Jews (Judaism)
 Kingdom of Israel
 Saul = drove out Philistines
 David = son-in-law
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established Jerusalem as capital, united the tribes, founded a
dynasty
Solomon = son of David
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Built trade empire, beautified city (temple—contain tablets)
Decline of Israel
 Kingdom divides in two
 Israel
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Judah
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Both succumb to Assyrian attack
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Babylonians destroy Solomon’s temple (Jerusalem)(586 B.C.)
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Persians conquer Babylon and allow 40,000 exiles to return to
Jerusalem