Transcript Indus River Valley

Indus River Valley
What We Will Learn Today:
How did geography effect the Indus
River Valley civilization?
India’s Geographic Features
 The Indian subcontinent is
a large, wedge-shaped
peninsula that extends
southward into the Indian
Ocean.
 Subcontinent: A large
region that is part of a
continent, but is separated
from the rest of the content
in some way.
Identification of
Geographic Features in India
Indus River
Ganges River
Peninsula
and/or
Subcontinent
Himalayan Mountains
 This peninsula is surrounded
on the north and northwest
by huge mountains, the
Himalayan Mountains.
 This has often limited India's
contact with other cultures.
This is known as cultural
isolation.
 You decide! How would
isolation impact the people
on Ancient Indus?
Seasonal winds known as monsoons bring rain every summer.
India is dependent upon monsoons to grow their crops. Not
enough rain brings drought. When there is too much rain,
rivers rise and cause deadly floods and destruction of crops.
Civilization in the
Indus River Valley Begins
 About 2500 BC, about the
time when the pyramids
were rising in Egypt, the
first Indian civilizations
were forming in the Indus
River Valley.
 Little is known about these
civilizations, but Harappa
and Mohenjo-Daro were
most likely twin capital
cities.
Complexities of the Cities
 The most historically striking
feature of these two cities were
the way in which they were
both well planned.
 Each city was laid out in a grid
pattern, the blocks similar to
those seen in modern cities.
 The homes seem to have been
built with bricks and in a pattern
repeated throughout the city.
Plumbing In the Cities
 In addition, these cities
seem to contain houses
with plumbing
systems, including
baths, drains and water
pipes.
Trade with Sumer
 Most of the people of the
Indus valley were farmers.
They were the first people
to grow cotton and weave
it into cloth.
 There is early evidence of
trade with other
civilizations including
Sumer.
Aryans Take over Indus Valley
 Not much is known about the development
of this region, not much is known about its
decline.
 For unknown reasons, around 1750 B.C. the
Indus Valley began to decline. Then about
1500 B.C., nomadic warriors known as the
Aryans conquered the Indus Valley.
The Vedic Period
The Aryans
- Around 2000 BC,
a group called the
Aryans take
control of the
Indus River Valley
- A book, called the
Vedas, gives us
most of what we
know about this
time period
The Varnas
 Vedic society was broken
up in to FOUR social
classes; Brahmins,
Kshatriyas, Vaisyas and
Sudras
 The Untouchables were
the bottom rung of society
and had ZERO rights
 Over hundreds of years
these divisions developed
into castes
Cultural Connections
o Connections to Hinduism are clear, however unlike the
Hindus, the Vedas did allow for caste members to
marry from other castes as well as movement to and
from each group.
o The priests were the most powerful group in Vedic
Society, they performed sacred rituals that many
believed kept civilization on order.
o Caste systems today have been outlawed and are
considered a violation of basic civil rights
Hinduism
Hinduism has no single
founder, but originated
from the mixing of
Harappan and Aryan
cultures in ancient India
around 1500 BCE.
Hindus believe in one
unifying spirit, Brahman.
Brahman can manifest
in many, polytheistic,
forms or in one,
monotheistic.
Hinduism is based on
the concept of
reincarnation (Spirits
return to earth many
times in different forms
trying to become one
with Brahman). The
soul moves up or down
a hierarchy depending
on their behavior in life.
A person moves closer
to Brahman by obeying
the law of karma. Karma
is the sum of all your
deeds, good and bad.
Good deeds involve
following your dharma,
or duties dependent on
your position, gender
and occupation.
The caste system (outlawed since 1948) was an
important part of Hinduism. Castes are social classes
into which a person is born and lives their entire life. If
a person has a good karma they may be reincarnated
into a higher caste.
This life
Next life
Good Karma
Higher caste
Bad Karma
Lower caste
Born into
A caste
The caste system separated Indian society into distinct
social classes in which everyone knew their place and
believed that if they followed the dharma of their caste,
they would be reincarnated into a better caste.
Brahman
Kshatriya
Vaisya
Sudra
Untouchables
Over the centuries Hindu
beliefs were recorded
into a number of sacred
texts including the Vedas
and the Upanishads.
The Ramayana is a
Hindu creation story.
Hindus believe the
Ganges River is
sacred and often
wish to be cremated
and have their ashes
sprinkled in the river
upon death.
Buddhism
 Buddhism was
founded by
Siddhartha Gautama
in northern India
around 560 BCE.
 Gautama was born
into a wealthy Hindu
family, but renounced
his wealth to seek
spiritual
enlightenment.
 Buddhism is neither
monotheistic or
polytheistic, instead a
path is followed to
reach Enlightenment
~Buddhism spread
through cultural
diffusion to
eastern Asia,
including China,
Thailand, Korea
and Japan.
~In other areas,
Buddhism was
adapted and took
on new forms.
Buddhism is based on the Four Noble Truths.
1. All life is
suffering.
2. Suffering is
caused by desire for
things that are
illusions.
3. The way to
eliminate suffering
is to eliminate
desire.
4. Following the
Eightfold path will
help people to
overcome desire.
Buddhism has much in common with Hinduism,
but important differences.
Buddhism like
Hinduism:
Reincarnation
Karma
Dharma
But not
Caste system
Hindu gods
Hindu
priesthood
Buddha did not record his teachings, but after he
died, his followers collected them into the
Tripitaka.
Today’s Tibetan
Buddhists are
led by the Dalai
Lama, who
advocates for
freedom from
China.