Transcript Files

Working with files
Motivation
• All our programs so far have only worked
with data stored in primary storage (RAM)
• Data is lost when program is terminated
• Almost all ”real” programs allow us to save
the state – by some definition – of the
program to permanent storage (e.g disk)
• Such permanent storage is often a file
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What is a file?
• A collection of bytes, stored on a permanent storage media
• Bytes can be interpreted as text, numerics,
picture, etc.
• Files have a name, and a position (path)
– Myschedule.doc (name)
– C:\documents\per\rhs (path)
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Text files
• A text file just contains
characters (bytes interpreted as characters)
• Usually named .txt
• Created with simple text
editor like Notepad, or
NetBeans…
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Text files and Java
• It is rather easy to read a text file in Java
– we use the FileReader class and the
Scanner class
FileReader reader = new FileReader(”input.txt”);
Scanner in = new Scanner(reader);
String line = in.nextLine();
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Text files and Java
Constructor takes file
name as a String
(remember ””)
FileReader reader = new FileReader(”input.txt”);
Scanner in = new Scanner(reader);
String line = in.nextLine();
Several next…
methods available
FileReader itself
cannot be used for
reading – need a
Scanner object
next()
nextInt()
nextDouble()
…
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Text files and Java
FileReader reader = new FileReader(”input.txt”);
Scanner in = new Scanner(reader);
int lineCount = 0;
while (in.hasNextLine())
{
String line = in.nextLine();
lineCount++;
}
in.close();
System.out.println(”Lines in file: ” + lineCount);
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Text files and Java
• When providing a file path as a constant
string, the string mus look like this:
”c:\\documents\\psl\\work.txt”;
• Notice the use of double backslash!
• Recall that \ is used for escape characters!
• We do not need double backslash when
e.g the user types the path in a dialog
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Text files and Java
• It is also easy to write to a file in Java –
we use the PrintWriter class
PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(”output.txt”);
• That’s it – we can now use the wellknown print(…) and println(…)
methods
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Text files and Java
PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(”output.txt”);
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
out.println(”Writing to a file is easy!”);
}
out.close();
System.out.println(”Done writing to file”);
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Text files and Exceptions
• Working with files is easy, but…
• …errors beyond the control of the programmer can happen!
– File was not found
– File was not a text file
– File was different format than expected
– …and so on
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Text files and Exceptions
• Code for handling files
should include proper
handling of exceptions!
• IOException class, and
subclass thereof
• We can define more
specific classes as well
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Exercises
• Self-check: -• Review: R11.1, R11.2
• Programming: P11.1, P11.7
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Binary files
• A binary file contains
”raw” bytes that can be
interpreted as almost
anything
• Can have any extension
• Can be created from
various sources
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Binary files
• Note that a binary file does
usually not contain information
about itself (metadata)
• We must know the meaning of
the file in advance
– Picture
– Object data
– Encrypted data
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Binary files and Java
• In Java, a binary file is considered a
”stream” of bytes
• We generally use InputStream and
OutputStream to handle binary data
• For binary files, we use:
– Read: FileInputStream
– Write: FileOutputStream
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Binary files and Java
FileInputStream inS = new FileInputStream(”input.dat”);
boolean done = false;
while (!done)
{
int next = inS.read();
byte nextByte;
if (next != -1)
{
nextByte = (byte)next;
... // Do something with nextByte
}
else {done = true; }
}
inS.close();
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Binary files and Java
FileOutputStream outS = new
FileOutputStream(”output.dat”);
byte nextByte;
boolean done = false;
while (!done)
{
... // We get bytes to write from somewhere
outS.write(nextByte);
}
outS.close();
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Binary files – random access
• Sequential processing of binary files is
fairly simple – but possibly inefficient
• What if a binary file contained data for
thousands of bank accounts, and we just
needed data for one…?
• Java also allows ”random access” to data
in a binary file
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Binary files – random access
• A file also has a file pointer
• The file pointer indicates where to
read/write the next time
1
9
7
7
0
5
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2
9
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Binary files – random access
• Random access in a file is done using the
RandomFileAccess class
–
–
–
–
new RandomAccessFile(”data.bin”,”rw”)
f.seek(pointerPos)
int pointerPos = f.getFilePointer()
long fileLen = f.length();
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Binary files – random access
• Random access can be efficient when
dealing with large binary files
• Again, no help from Java – you must
decide and obey a data format yourself
• If you overwrite data – too bad…
• A little bit of help – Java does offer
methods for read/write of numeric types
from a binary file
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Binary files and Java
• Java only provides simple methods for
reading/writing binary files – what else
could it do…?
• We are responsible for interpreting and
processing the stream of bytes
• Java gets the bytes for us, it does not try
to analyse them…
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Object streams
• Wouldn’t it be nice, if we could
– Convert an object to binary format
– Write the binary data to a file
– Close the program
– Open the program anew
– Read the binary data from the file
– Convert the data back to an object
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Object streams
• An object stream can do just that!
• Two classes available
– ObjectOutputStream
– ObjectInputStream
• Only prerequisite; a class must implement
the Serializable interface, in order to be
writable and readable by an object stream
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Object streams
public interface Serializable
{
// Empty...
}
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Object streams
• Typical way to use object streams:
– Define a class where one object can contain
all relevant data (for instance a Bank class)
– Let the class implement Serializable
– Use the class for writing/reading data
• This is extremely useful for saving inmemory data to a file
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Object streams
public class Bank implements Serializable {...}
// Writing Bank data to a file
Bank myBank = new Bank();
... // Enter data into myBank object
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(”bankA.dat”);
ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(fos);
oos.writeObject(myBank);
// Reading Bank data from a file
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(”bankB.dat”);
ObjectInputStream ois = new ObjectInputStream(fis);
myBank = (Bank)ois.readObject();
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Exercises
• Self-check: 1, 6, 7, 8
• Review: R19.3, R19.5, R19.7
• Programming:
– The Car Rental Project
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