Transcript Imperialism_in_JapanNationalism

Nationalism
Nationalism
■ Nationalism is the belief that people’s greatest
loyalty should not be to a king or an empire but
to a nation of people who share a common
culture and history
■ One of the most powerful ideas of the 1800s.
– Influence spread throughout Europe and the Americas
– Upset balance of power established at Congress of
Vienna (1815)
■ Fed the desire of most groups to be free of the
rule of empires and govern themselves in their
traditional lands
■ Fueled by efforts to build nation-states
■ Authoritarian rulers began to use nationalist
feelings to build nation-states in areas where they
remained firmly in control.
■ Conservative – usually wealthy property owners and
nobility. They argued for protecting the traditional
monarchies of Europe
■ Liberal – mostly middle-class business leaders and
merchants. They wanted to give more power to elected
parliaments, but only the educated and landowners would
vote.
■ Radical – favored drastic change to extend democracy to
all people. They believed that government should practice
the ideals of the Enlightenment– liberty, equality and
brotherhood.
Types of Nationalist Movements
Type
Characteristics
Examples
Unification
Mergers of politically divided, 19th century Germany
but culturally similar lands
19th century Italy
Separation
Culturally distinct group
resists being added to a state
or tries to break away
Greeks in the Ottoman
Empire
French-speaking
Canadians
Culturally distinct groups
form into a new state by
accepting a single culture
The United States
Turkey
State-building
Italian and German Unification
Growing Nationalism
■ 1815- modern Italy
did not exist
– Italian Peninsula
divided into a
number of
independent states
with cultural and
economic differences
Count Camillo Cavour
■ Prime Minister of the
Kingdom of Sardinia
• Supported economic
progress and built the
kingdom into a major
economic and
political power
– Sought help from France
to get Austria to relinquish
their Italian provinces
– Austrians outmatched and
gave up Lombardy in 1859
– By 1860, much of the
northern half of the Italian
peninsula united
Giuseppe Garibaldi
■ Popular revolutionary
trained in guerrilla warfare
– Led a volunteer army
(“The Thousand Red
Shirts”) through southern
Italy, routing the royal
government of Naples
and joining Sicily and
southern Italy to the
Italian kingdom in 1861
Problems with Italian Unification
■ Profound cultural and economic divisions separate
the south and the north
■ “National culture” tilted heavily in favor of the
north
German Unification
■ As the new Italy was an
extension of the kingdom
of Sardinia, so the new
Germany was an extension
of the kingdom of Prussia
■ The Congress of Vienna
had created the German
Confederation in 1815
Rise of Bismarck
■ Prussia looked to Bismark for
help in uniting Germany
– Wilhelm I becomes king in 1861
– Appoints Otto von Bismarck is prime minister
• Prussia needed strong
government and army
to achieve German unity
■ Chief reason for failure of
German unification– Austria
■ Eventually strategically used
wars to inflame nationalist
fervor and unify Germany
under Prussia
Unified Germany
■ January 18, 1871- Wilhelm I
assumes the title of Kaiser of a
united Germany
– Wave of nationalist sentiment
swept almost all German
speakers
– Bismarck becomes first
chancellor
– Kaiser headed national
government, had authority to
make appointments,
command the military in war,
and determine foreign policy
■ Essential Question:
–What was the impact of
western imperialism on Japan?
■ Warm Up Question:
Western imperialism
in Asia dramatically
changed Japan
Let’s quickly review
Japanese history
■ Text
Ancient
Japan
was
a
territory
Title
divided by clans that borrowed
ideas from China, like Buddhism,
emperors, writing, & architecture
By the mid 11th century, Emperor had little power
Japanese feudalism began
Japan was ruled by
regional landowners
called daimyo
Daimyo were
served by
loyal warriors
called samurai
From 1192 to 1867, Japan was ruled
by military dictators called shogun
From 1560 to 1600,
3 powerful shogun,
unified Japan
Tokugawa Ieyasu unified Japan
in 1600 & created a strong line
Toyotomi
Hideyoshi
Oda
Tokugawa
Nobunaga
Ieyasu
of succession called the
Tokugawa Shogunate that
ruled Japan until 1867
European merchants
Japanese shogun enjoyed
& missionaries first trade with Europeans & were
arrived in Japan
fascinated by their military &
in the mid-1500s
technologies
But the rapid conversion of Japanese to Christianity
worried Tokugawa who banned Christianity in 1619
To protect Japan from
By 1639, Japan adopted
European influences,
a “closed country policy”
Tokugawa Shogunate
& Japan entered an
banned all foreign
era of isolation that
merchants & missionaries
lasted for 200 years
Nagasaki Bay
Deshima
Dutch Ships
During this era of isolation, the Japanese allowed
one port at Deshima in Nagasaki Bay to remain
open but only to Dutch & Chinese merchants
The Japanese did more
than trade with the
Dutch, they also learned
from them about new
Western ideas
These “Dutch studies”
helped Japan learn
about some of the new
scientific & industrial
technologies in Europe
Microscope,
Steam engine,
17871845
Anatomy
Railroad,
book, 1774
1845
Electric
Steamboat,
battery,1845
1840
From 1640 to 1853, Japan was isolated while the
Title by Western powers
rest of Asia became imperialized
In the early 1800s, Britain,
France, Russia, & USA tried to
negotiate trade rights in Japan
The Japanese
repeatedly refused
Western trade
In 1853, U.S. Commodore
Critical Thinking
Matthew Perry arrived in Tokyo
Decision #1:
Harbor with 4 well-armed,
The Arrival of
steamships & demanded that Americans in 1853
the Japanese trade with the USA Japan’s Response:
C
Japanese officials
realized they were
overmatched by
U.S. naval ships
When Matthew Perry
returned in 1854, Japanese
officials signed the Treaty of
Kanagawa which opened two
ports to American merchants
After the United States
opened the door to
Japanese trade in 1854,
other Western powers
entered Japan
By 1860, England, France,
the Dutch, Russia, & USA
all had unequal trade
treaties & extraterritorial
rights in Japan
Critical Thinking Decision #2:
The Meiji Restoration
■ Text
Japan’s Response:
B
Japanese were angry
that the shogun had
given in to foreigner’s
demands & feared
Japan would become
as powerless as China
In 1867, the Tokugawa
shogun stepped down
which brought an end
to 600 years of
military dictatorship
Emperor Mutsuhito
took control of the
government & took
the title “Meiji”
(“enlightened rule”)
The Meiji emperor
Japan sent diplomats to
realized the best way to Europe & America to study
end Western influence
Western ways & adapt
was to modernize
them to their own country
Japan admired Germany’s government & used it as a
model to create a new constitution and parliament
Japanese leaders eagerly supported industrialization
& began building modern factories…
…railroads, steamships,
&
steel
bridges
Title
Japan built a modern military by modeling their army
after the Germans & their navy after the British
Japanese officials reformed education using models
Title
from German, America,
& French public schools
■ Text
Western fashions became popular in Japan
Modernization in the Meiji era transformed Japan
into the most industrial &Land
militarizedPublic
nation
in Asia
schools
End of the
(Germany, USA,
Redistribution
By 1900,feudal
Japan
had 7,000 The Meiji reforms
gave
system
& France)
miles of railroad track;
Japan power & respect;
thousands of factories;
Japanese nationalism led
profitable
tea, silk,
to the end to Western
Modern
Modernize
shipbuilding
industries;
&
extraterritorial
rights
&
banking system
the Army
Meiji
an modern army & navy
unequal trade(Germany)
treaties
Reforms
Written
Critical Thinking
Constitution
(Germany)
Decision #3:
Japanese reforms &
Human Rights
industrialization
& Religious
Freedom
Build a
Japan’s Response:
D
Modern Navy
(Britain)
Emperor
Worship
Intensified
By the 1890s, Japan saw
itself as a modern nation
that needed raw materials
Like other industrialized
nations, Japan began to
imperialize in Asia
Japan looked to take
Korea, but China
always had a claim
to the land
The dispute with China over Korea resulted
in the Sino-Japanese War from 1894 to 1895
In a short time, Japan
defeated the Chinese army
& destroyed their navy
For their victory, Japan
gained Taiwan & spheres
of influence in China
This woodblock print is an almost perfect example of
Title
how the Japanese (left)
saw themselves as totally
different from the Chinese and fundamentally similar
■to Text
the Westerners, seen here in the figures of Western
advisors (right) standing behind the Chinese
After Japan’s victory
over China, a rivalry
developed between
Japan & Russia
From 1904 to 1905
Russo-Japanese War
began over control
of Port Arthur &
Manchuria
During the war,
In 1905, U.S President Teddy
Japan shocked the
Roosevelt helped draft the
world by defeating
treaty that Korea to Japan &
a western power removed Russia from Manchuria
“In the world’s eye”
Japan’s victories over China &
Title
Russia transformed Japan
into
the dominant force in Asia
Western nations
relied on Japan to
keep order in Asia
Unfortunately,
Japanese imperialism
surged again in the
1930s & 1940s which
became a focal point
of World War II
Closure Activity
■ Compare and contrast Chinese & Japanese
reactions to imperialism:
–How were each impacted by the arrival of
Europeans?
–How did each respond to imperialism?
–Why was Japan’s reaction to imperialism
more “successful” than China’s?