Transcript File

Age of Revolutions
French Revolution & Napoleon
Factors Leading to Revolt
•Economic Crisis
- Seven Years’ War: 1756-1763
- American Revolution
•Unstable Monarchy
•Enlightenment Ideas
- Reform
On the Eve of Revolution
• The death of Louis XV in 1774
brought political turmoil to
France
• Depleting economic system
• New Tax Scheme failed (Rene
Maupeou) and the French
parlements were at war with each
other.
Assembly of Notables
• Charles de Calonne: 1734-1802
became the minister of finance in
1786
• New Land Tax and Internal
Revenues.
• In 1787, called for a meeting of the
Assembly of Notables—a group of
the top aristocrats in France.
• The meeting backfired!
Estates General
• The Assembly of Notables refused
Calonne’s policy and demanded direct
control of the government.
• The Notables called for the
reappointment of Necker and an Estates
General.
• Enlightenment established a need for
REFORM … and gave aristocrats
leverage.
The Three Estates
• France’s population at the end of the
18th century was about 25 million.
– 1st Estate – Clergy: only included about 100,000
owned 15% of the land but paid no taxes. They
paid the don gratuit.
– 2nd Estate – Nobility: around 400,000 people
and owned 20% to 25% of the land. The did not
pay taxes.
– 3rd Estate—Everyone Else: everyone from
wealthy merchants to peasants.
Calling of the Estates
General
• Louis XVI backed off, then dismissed
Calonne, and replaced him with the
Archbishop of Toulouse—Brienne.
• But the clergy, like the aristocracy,
refused the subsidy and reduced the don
gratuit.
• By 1788, Louis XVI capitulates and
convokes the Estates General and
reappoints Necker.
Vox Populi
• “What is the Third Estate?”
- Everything; but everything
shackled and oppressed
• Abbe Sieyes remarks called the
attention to the nobles for
ACTION.
• The fate of the Nation!!!
Voting Rights
•Aristocracy attempted to limit the
influence of the Third Estate.
1. Equal number of
representatives
2. One vote per group/estate
•This caused dissemination among
the nobility and the people.
The Meeting
• Versailles: May 5, 1789
• Royal council had doubled the
membership of the Third Estate
- economic reform
- political reform
• Cahiers de doleances Grievances
National Assembly Forms
• The Third Estate organized a
standoff against Louis XVI.
• The standoff lasted a few weeks wanted a new legislative body.
• They circumvented the Monarchy
and formed a National Assembly
on June 17, 1789.
Tennis Court Oath
• On June 20, 1789 the Assembly
was locked out of the meeting
house.
• Moved to a nearby tennis court—
jeu de paume.
• Members swore an oath:
- A French Constitution
Constituency
•On June 27th Louis XVI
acquiesced and called for a
meeting.
•The National Constituent
Assembly
- composed members from each
estate
- shared liberal goals for reform
Fall of the Bastille
• Louis XVI attempts to kibosh the
Assembly…dismissed Necker.
• Bread Riots begin to surface.
• On July 14th 800 men stormed the
Bastille.
• Ninety-eight died and prisoners
released.
– Bernard-Rene de Launay
The War Begins
• Bastille Day was the foundation
for the heated war that followed.
• The Great Fear - popular urban
disturbance. The peasants enter
the scene.
• August 4, 1789 - abolished the
feudal regime.
Assembly moves to
Paris
•The National Assembly had four
major goals:
1. Constitutional monarchy
2. Rationalism
3 Laissez- faire economics
4. Anticlericalism--Deism
The Constitution
• Declaration of the Rights of Man and
Citizen – August 27, 1789
• The Assembly, however, will not ratify
the Constitution until 1791.
• Political goal was to establish:
- Constitutional Monarchy
- Legislative Assembly
Political Changes
• Active and Passive Citizens.
– Only men paying annual taxes equal to
three day of local labor could vote.
• Status based on property, not
heritage.
• Split up the Provinces into
Departments.
• What about the Women????
Problems
• The Civil Constitution of the
Clergy
• Counterrevolutionary Activity
- émigrés
• On June 20, 1791 Louis XVI
attempted to flee France.
• Captured in Varennes on June 24.
Unstable Elements
• Louis XVI was reluctant to
change.
• Resentment from the aristocracy.
– Civil Constitution of the Clergy
– Chapelier Law & the Declaration of
Pillnitz
• Workers & Peasants felt left out.
The Jacobins
•The Constitution failed for a
number of factors.
•Legislative Assembly - 1791-92
•Factionalism -- The Jacobins
- wanted a republic
- Applied Rousseau’s ideas.
The Girondists
• Jacobins who came from the
department of Gironde.
• Were adamantly against the counterrevolutionaries.
– Jacques-Pierre Brissot (1754-1793)
• Declared war on Austria - reaction
against the Declaration of Pillnitz
The Second Wave
• Deposed the Monarchy and
established a Republic.
– Liberty, Equality, & Brotherhood
• In 1792, Paris Commune formed
and the September Massacres
began.
• Sans-Culottes - The Convention
Sans-Culottes
• In French “Without Breeches”
basically the working man.
• Left out of the Constitution…felt
neglected.
• Believed in shared political power
and wanted to end the HUNGER!
A Turn of Events
• The Jacobins and the sansculottes formed the Mountain in
Paris.
• Main Goal was to overthrow the
monarchy and establish a
REPUBLIC!
• In 1793, they put Louis XVI on
trial for conspiring against liberty.
Europe At War
•After the Convention executed
Louis XVI on January 21, 1793-they went to war with Europe.
- Great Britain
- Holland
- Spain
The Terror Begins
• The “Reign of Terror’ filtered out
of the second wave of the
revolution…Jacobins!
• Main goal was to protect the new
Republic
• The Committee’s job was to over
see affairs of France.
Vive la France!
•The Committee of Public Safety
led the way in the protection of the
Republic.
- Maximilien Robespierre
- Jacques Danton
- Lazare Carnot
Robespierre
• 1758-1794
• Left-wing
Jacobin
• Supported the
sans culottes
• Ruler during the
Terror
• Festival of the
Supreme Being
To Arms!!!
• Robespierre and the Committee
of Public Safety issued the levee
en masse.
• Revolutionary expectations-protect the REPUBLIC!
• Robespierre answer was put
terror into their hearts!
The Policies
•Exclusion of Women from politics
•De-Christianization of France
- Supreme Being
•Revolutionary Tribunals against
enemies of the republic
- Guillotine
Thermidorian Reaction
• July 27, 1794 a tempering of the
revolution began.
–Goal was to quell the heated
battles of the “Terror”
• Institute rule and law:
–Ban violent groups like the
“Commune”
–Restructure the government
The Directory
• Constitution of the Year III (1795)
• Legislature of two houses: (Bicameral)
- Council of Elders
- Council of Five Hundred
• Executive Body was a five person
directory.
Napoleon’s Rise to Power
• The Directory
under the new
Constitution gave a
lot of power to the
military.
• Assisted in putting
down the
monarchist coup
d’etat in 1795 and
saved the Republic.
Military Victories
• Early on Napoleon
was very
successful.
• 1797 - Treaty of
Campo Formio
controlled
Switzerland and
Italy.
• 1798 - Invaded
Egypt
State of France
• The Directory encounters problems
- Economic Crisis
- The International War
• Constitution of Year VIII - Abbe Sieyes
employed Napoleon to stage a coup d’etat
on November 9, 1799 (18 Brumaire).
• “confidence from below, power from above.”
The Consulate
• 1799 - Napoleon became First
Consul
• 1799-1804 - Napoleon secured
power as the ruling figure in France.
• Napoleon began his consulate by
establishing peace among his
enemies.
• He weeded out any opposition and
took absolute rule.
Protector of the Republic?
• Quickly Napoleon established a balance
of power by applying democratic
principles, such as:
– Destroyed Feudal Privileges
– Security of Property for the Middle Class
– Universal Male Suffrage
Treaties
• 1801- Treaty of Luneville took Austria
out of the war.
• 1802- Treaty of Amiens brought peace
to Europe, including Britain.
• 1802 - Concordat in Rome brought
peace with the pope and the church.
Napoleonic Code
• 1802 - Napoleon became “Consul
for Life” and then led France into
a codification of laws.
• 1804 - Napoleonic Code helped
establish a Dynasty.
• Emperor Napoleon I - December
2, 1804.
An Upstart Soldier
• Between 1804 -1807, Napoleon
wraps the European Continent in
war.
• Very successful on land, but no
match for Britain on the sea.
• October 21, 1805 – Battle of
Trafalgar … Horatio Nelsen
Conquering Europe
• On land, Napoleon’s army was
brilliant.
• Battle of Austerlitz 1805 made
Napoleon master of all German
lands.
• Treaty of Pressburg made
Napoleon the king of Italy.
Battle of Austerlitz
Political Changes
• In July 1806, Napoleon organized the
Confederation of the Rhine and
dissolved the HRE.
• Battle of Jena 1806, he defeats the
Prussians
• By 1807, Napoleon was master of all
German Lands.
• Treaty of Tilsit – July 7, 1807 made
Prussia and Russia allies of Napoleon.
A Dictator of Sorts
•Napoleon transformed Europe into a
Continental System.
•Instituted Reforms wherever he ruled.
-Napoleonic Code
-Freed serfs and peasants
-social distinctions
Pyrrhic Dance
•Several factors led to the war
between France and Russia
1. Breaking the Treaty of Tilsit
2. Failed marriage negotiations
3. The Continental System
•By 1810, Tsar Alexander declared
war on the French Empire.
A Dead End War
• Napoleon’s Grand Army greatly
outnumbered the Russians.
• The invasion, however, did not
favor Napoleon.
• Russians employed a “scratch
and burn” tactic.
Russian Preparation
Battle of Borodino
Moscow, 1812
European Coalition
• Metternich rounded up a coalition
to rid Napoleon of European
dominance.
• Russia, Prussia, Austria, & Britain
• Battle of Nations, in 1814 forced
Napoleon to abdicate and flee to
Elba.
The Congress of
Vienna
• Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh &
Prince Metternich headed the congress.
• Treaty of Chaumont – March 9, 1814
- Restoration of Bourbons
- Quadruple Alliance
The Hundred Days
• On March 1, 1815, Napoleon returned
to France and seized power.
• The Congress of Vienna declared him
an outlaw and went after him.
• June 18, 1815 - Napoleon was
defeated at Waterloo and sent into
exile on St. Helena.
Battle of Waterloo
Napoleon’s Legacy
• Napoleon’s reign following the
revolutionary government showed the
power of the nationhood, which inspired
Europe.
• Birth of the Age of Ideologies
– Romanticism, Nationalism, Liberalism
Bourbon Restoration
• Louis XVIII political realist
• Constitutional
Monarchy
established
• The “Charter”
• Ultraroyalism White Terror
Next Week
• Why did the revolutions of 1848
fail throughout Europe?
• What roles did liberals and
nationalists play in the
revolutions?
• Why did they sometimes clash?