Transcript ap review - Net Start Class

AP REVIEW
1450 – 1750
Based on Kaplan Review Text, 2011
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1450 – 1750
Key Concepts
• Americas included in global trade network
– Native Americans die in millions
• Result of exposure to Eurasian diseases
– Atlantic slave trade begins
– New social structures emerge based on race
• Technological advancements for Europeans
– Shipping & gunpowder weaponry
– Result: Spanish & Portuguese empires emerge
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1450 to 1750
Key Concepts - 2
• Renaissance & Reformation challenge
– power of the Church
– previously held beliefs
• China
– Conservatives force retrenchment
• Indian Ocean voyages end, 1433
• Ottomans & Mughals
– Powerful land based empires in Asia
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1.Global Economy Develops
• Europeans trade in Indian Ocean
• Columbian Exchange
– Global diffusion of plants, food crops, animals,
people, diseases
• American silver
– Responsible for stimulating global trade network
• Spain – supplier
• China’s demand was driving force
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Impact of 2 commodities
• Sugar
– Heavy labor & specialized skills
– Driving force behind Atlantic slave trade
• Specialized skills/ heavy labor/ high death toll
• American silver
– Responsible for stimulating global trade
network
• Spain – supplier
• China’s demand was driving force
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2. Ottomans
semi-nomadic Turks
• Overthrew Byzantine empire
– Power based on military might & gunpowder
– Major threat to European powers ‘til mid 17th century
• Based in Anatolia (Istanbul was their capital)
• Elaborate bureaucracy
– Elite women of the palace wielded considerable
power
– Vizier (~Prime Minister) often held more power than the
sultan
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Ottoman Decline
• Succession issues
– Sultans were sheltered & unprepared for rule
• Technology failed to keep pace with
Europeans
• Global trade shifted to Atlantic Basin
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3. Mughals
of Turkic nomad descent 1523 – 1700s
• Accomplishments
– Centralized rule in India
– Arts & architecture blended Persian, Hindu, Islamic
traditions
– VIPs: Akbar, Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb
• Decline
– Aurangzeb’s wars drained treasury & led to revolts
– Sack of Delhi by Persians
– Result: European power increased
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4. AFRICA
Songhay (1464 – 1591)
Kongo (1300s – 1600s)
• Centralized kingdom
controlled Sahara trade
• Powerful army & navy
patrolled Niger R
• Blended traditional beliefs
& Islam
• Morocco overthrew
• Centralized state with
close relationship to
Portugal after 1482
– King converted to
Christianity
– Supported by Portuguese
arms
• Govt lost authority after
involvement with slave
trade
– Portugal claimed authority
after 1665
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5. Spanish/Portuguese Empires
• Treaty of Tordesillas,1494
– Portugal – E hemisphere
– Spain – W hemisphere
} with some
} exceptions….
• Economic/Social
– Encomienda – settlers had feudal rights over natives
for labor
– Repartimiento – compelled natives to supply labor for
ltd time periods
– Missionaries – spread Christianity & missions served
as outposts of the empires
– Castas
• Peninsulares, Creoles, Mestizos, Indios, Slaves
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6. Qing (Manchu) Dynasty China
1644 - 1911
• Foreign rulers
– aided a peasant army & overthrew the Mings
– Adopted Chinese culture & government styles
– Forbade intermarriage b/t Manchu Chinese
• (no foot binding for Manchu women)
• Forced Chinese in to a submissive role
• Continued Ming isolationist policies
• Exchanged their goods for cash only
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7. Tokugawa Japan
(1600 – 1867)
• Tightly controlled by shogun
– remained feudal
– Samurai became administrators
• Little contact with outside world
– Trade with Dutch & Chinese only
– Outlawed Christianity
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8. Forced Labor Systems -1
Atlantic Slave Trade
• 15 million Africans transported
• African coastal states reoriented their economies
– to supply European demand for slaves
• Traded for guns which increased conflict in Africa
• Plantation societies
– Located in tropical areas
• Unique cultural synthesis of African, native American,
European
– focused on cash crops
• Sugar tobacco cotton coffee
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Forced Labor Systems – 2
Russian Serfdom
• Serfdom expanded after Mongol rule ended
• Reasons
– peasant debt/ control/ satisfy needs of landowning
nobles
• Status was hereditary & inescapable per law
• Serfs owed extensive labor service & paid high
taxes
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9. Russian Empire
Romanov Dynasty (1613 – 1917)
• Strong central government
• Absolute monarch was also head of Orthodox
Church & had “divine right”
• Westernization policies …
of Peter the Great r. (1682 – 1725)
– Industries
– Navy
– Military reform
- St. Petersburg
- clothing laws
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10. Cultural & Intellectual Change - 1
Renaissance 1400s – 1500s
• Contact b/t Arabs & Italian merchants led
to an intellectual movement
– Man is a creative & rational being
– Individuals are to be celebrated
– Major accomplishments
• music, art, literature, painting, architecture
• Stimulated by vast wealth of Italians
– Merchant dynasties, city-states & the papacy
• Medici, Sforza, d’Este, Venice, Milan, Genoa
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Cultural & Intellectual Change – 2
Reformation 1500s – 1600s
• Outgrowth of Renaissance atmosphere
promoting criticism & debate
– Began in GERMANY
• Main issues of reformers (Martin Luther)
–
–
–
–
–
Divisions within the papacy (Babylonian captivity)
Traditions & rituals not derived from scripture
Corruption
Church finances & income
Lack of piety among priesthood
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Cultural & Intellectual Change
Reformation - 2
• Luther’s views led to split in western
Catholicism
– Wars devastated Germany 1520s – 1640s
– Power of Church declined
• Results after Thirty Years’ War, 1648
– Europe divided
• mostly Protestant north & mostly Catholic south
– Power struggles throughout Europe b/t people
& their monarchs
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Cultural & Intellectual Change – 3
Enlightenment
• Centered in France
– Strongly intellectual movement
• political reformers, questioning of traditional
authority (ex: John Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire)
• Result: popular revolutions
• Confucian ideas taken to Europe by Jesuits
– Chinese civil service exam
• influenced Euro rulers
– Confucian rational morality appealed to
philosophers
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Cultural & Intellectual Change – 4
Scientific Revolution
• Renaissance led to a desire of many to
investigate mysteries of nature…
– intense experimentation & discovery followed
– World seen as a machine
– Deism
• God viewed as a benevolent being who created humanity &
moved on
• Galileo, Francis Bacon, Isaac Newton, Tycho
Brahe
– Catholic Inquisition meant it was more of a northern
movement than a southern movement
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11. Environmental Interaction
• Potato & corn in Europe
– had huge impact on population increases
• Horses among Native Americans
– led to increased nomadism
• Forests were cleared for…
– Cash crop cultivation
• led to degradation of topsoil
– Cattle ranching
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Environment Interaction -2
16th – 18th centuries
• Little Ice Age
– Frozen ports/rivers had economic & military
consequences
• Armies could cross ice & ships could not sail
– Crops failed as growing seasons grew shorter
• Governments began to manage forests &
other national resources (Japan/France)
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12. ESSAY TOPICS
CHANGE & CONTINUITY
• Analyze Change & Continuity in ONE of
the regions below in terms of their
involvement & roles in trade 600 – 1750
– CHINA
– SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
– SOUTH ASIA
– MIDDLE EAST
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Essay Topic: COMPARE/ CONTRAST
• As Western power increased between 1450 –
1750, so did Western interaction with other lands.
Discuss similarities and differences in the
interaction with the West in TWO of these areas
–
–
–
–
Tokugawa Japan
Russia
Ottoman Empire
Latin America
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