Transcript Nation-State - ap european history

• “The belief or a desire of a government or
people that a country should maintain a
strong military capability and be prepared to
use it aggressively to defend or promote
national interests.”
– Apple Dictionary
• The build up of armies, navies, fortification of
national boundaries, armament race, reserves
• NEW WEAPONS
• Tanks, submarines, machine guns, planes,
trenches, gas
• Intelligence, Communication, Transportation
• Industrial Revolution Technology
Flame
Throwers
Grenade
Launchers
Poison Gas
Machine Gun
• Rifle
• The Number one Infantry
Weapon
• Automatic and
semiautomatic weapons
introduced in the last year
of the War
• 12 rounds per minute
• Snipers
• Machine Guns
• Heavy – ill-suited for
portability
• 4-6 operators
• Overheat, inoperable
• 400-600 rounds per
minute
• Planes
• First used for
Reconnaissance
• Ten Years after Wright
Brothers
• “Red Baron” – Manfred von
Richtohfen – 80 confirmed
victories
Looking for the “Red Baron?”
The Zeppelin
“No Man’s
Land”
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Trench warfare
7 feet deep
4-6 wide
Harsh conditions
Rodents
Rain
• TANKS
• Evolutionary Process
• Industrial Revolution –
Caterpillar Tracks –
Steam Tractor
• Purpose – Muddy
terrain, Trench Warfare
French Renault Tank
British Tank at Ypres
Tank Production 1916-18
Year
UK
France
Germany
Italy
USA
1916
150
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1917
1,277
800
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1918
1,391
4,000
20
6
84
• 1910-1914 increased
military expenditures
• France – 10%
• British – 13%
• Russia – 39%
• Germany – 73%
• All Continental European
countries since 1870
• France – Revolutionary
Wars
• Austria-Hungary – 1868
• Germany – 1870
• Italy – 1873
• Russia - 1874
A German Boy Pretends to Be a
Soldier
New French Recruits
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Britain and Germany chief Rivals
1900 German Navy Law – double the size
1909-1911 – Tirpitz Plan
British produced the first Dreadnought
Germany built 9 Dreadnoughts
British 18 Dreadnoughts
WAR = GERMAN WORLD POWER
U-Boats
• “close association of
nations, or other groups,
formed to advance common
interests or causes”
• Chancellor 1871-1890
• Diplomatically isolate
France
• Maintain Peace
• “Honest Broker”
• League of the Three Emperors 1873
• Bismarck sought Alliance with Austria,
Russia
• Goal isolate France diplomatically
• Second Alliance of the League of the
Three Emperors (1881-1887)
• Attempt to stop Russia and France from
allying
• Congress of Berlin 1878
• 1875 – Five Balkan states revolted against Ottoman
Control
• Russia defeated Ottomans
• Treaty of San Stefano 1878
• Bulgaria – Austrian puppet State
• Britain, Germany, France intervened
• Treaty of Berlin – Bulgaria split into three parts
• Bosnia Herzegovina annexed by Austria
• Russia – Humiliated
THE
BALKANS
1914
• Dual Alliance 1879
• Bismarck sought Alliance with Austria
• If attacked by Russia or some other power
each would support one another militarily
• Each would remain neutral if attacked by
any other power except Russia
• German policy until 1918
• Triple Alliance 1882
• Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
• If Italy or Germany was attacked by France
each would aid the other
• If Austria was attacked by Russia Italy
would remain neutral
Italy (1900, 1902) secret agreements b/w
France and Italy
• Russo-French Rapprochement 1894
• Necessary to offset the threat of growing
military might of Germany
• Ended French isolation
• Germany – Threat of a WAR ON TWO
FRONTS
• Reinsurance Treaty 1887
• Austria refused to renew the Alliance of the
Three Emperors
• Bismarck joined a “defensive” alliance with
Russia
• Fearful of a Franco-Russian Alliance
• 1890 – Wilhelm II refused to renew
• Entente Cordiale 1904
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Entente – “mutual understanding”
Between France and Great Britain
Where was Great Britain?
“Splendid Isolation”
Isolation no longer practical
• Anglo-Russian 1907
• France had an alliance with Russia & a
friendly agreement with Britain
• Goal to settle disputes b/w Britain and Russia
• Will eventually become the Triple Entente
• Heightened War Tensions, Secrets, Distrust,
Suspicion
• Small dispute – could lead all powers to
WAR
• Population Increase – 2x’s – 3x’s
• Germany 1800 (24M) – 1900
(57M)
• Britain 1800 (16M0 – 1900 (42M
• New Markets for Industrial Goods
• Scramble of Asia and Africa – raw
materials
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New Imperialism
Colonial Rivalries –
“Scramble for Asia and Africa”
Intensification of arms race
Hostility among powers
Strengthened Alliances, Ententes
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
New Markets, Natural Resources, Railway
Systems, Economic Rivalries
Imperialism:
European
conquest of
Africa
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New Imperialism
Peak 1895-1905
Africa 10% controlled in 1875
1895 - 90% under European Control
Berlin Conference 1884-1885
Bismarck – major powers settle disputes,
questions and control over Africa
• “No civilization that is not Christian is worth
seeking, or possessing”
• Nation? State? Nation-State?
• State – human created boundaries – central
authority, sovereign, laws, rules
• Nation - group of people who see themselves
linked to one another- ethnically, culturally, or
linguistically (psychological feeling)
• Nation-State - inhabitants to some degree,
consider themselves to be a nation with human
created boundaries and a single gov’t
• Nationalism – psychological force that binds
together people who identify themselves with each
other
• The Congress of Vienna
1815
• Nationalism ignore in
favor of peace
• Nation building – Italy
(1861) and Germany
(1871)
• Pan-slavism
• Austria – Hungary = Pan
-Germanism
Pan-Germanism - movement to unify the people of
all German speaking countries
Germanic Countries
Austria *
Belgium
Denmark
Iceland
Germany *
Liechtenstein *
* = German speaking country
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Sweden
Switzerland *
United Kingdom
• The desire of subjects for
independence
• Czechs, Poles, Serbs, Croats,
Slovaks, Rumanians
• The of independent nations for
dominance and prestige
• Germany – ‘Weltpolitik’
• Different Types
• Economic Nationalism
• Militant Nationalism
• Nation stressed homogeneity of
ethnicity
• Charles Darwin – Origin of
Species (1859)
• Social Darwinism – Herbert
Spencer – survival of the
“fittest”
• Superiority of the white race
• Racism justified imperialism
• Progress – Modernization
• Nation stressed
homogeneity of ethnicity
• Charles Darwin – Origin of
Species
• Social Darwinism – Herbert
Spencer – survival of the
“fittest”
• Superiority of the white race
• Racism justified imperialism
• Progress – Modernization
• Fashoda Crisis (1898)
• Russo-Japanese War (1905)
• First Moroccan Crisis
(1905)
• Bosnian Crisis (1908)
• Second Moroccan Crisis
(1911)
• First Balkan War (1912)
• Second Balkan War (1913)
• THE BALKANS
• “Powder Keg of
Europe”
• Greeks, Serbs,
Bulgarians, Albanians,
Croats, Bosnians,
Macedonians,
Montenegrins,
Romanians, Slovenes
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THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
600 Years
“Sick Man of Europe”
1453 conquered Constantinople
Multi-Ethnic Empire
Suleiman I (r. 1520-66)
Battle of Lepanto (1571)
• Assassination of
Archduke Franz
Ferdinand
• Reformer
“Triple
Monarchy”
• June 28, 1914
• Gavrilo Princip
• Black Hand
The Assassin:
Gavrilo
Princip
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Ultimatum
Austria = destroy Serbia as a state
Germany unlimited support ‘Blank Cheque’
July 28, Austria declares war on Serbia
Russia Mobilization
August 1, Germany declares war on France
August 3, Germany declares war on Russia
August 4, Britain declares war on Germany
The Alliance System
Triple Entente:
Triple Alliance:
Two Armed Camps
Allied Powers:
Central Powers:
The Major Players: 1914-17
Allied Powers:
Central Powers:
Nicholas II
[Rus]
Wilhelm II [Ger]
George V [Br]
Victor Emmanuel
II [It]
Enver Pasha
[Turkey]
Pres. Poincare [Fr]
Franz Josef [A-H]
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Western Front
Eastern Front
Italian Front
Gallipoli Front
Mesopotamian Front
Palestinian Front
War at Sea
African Wars
The Far East
• Marne – Sept. 1914,
Germans 30 miles
outside Paris 500,000
casualties
• Verdun - February 1916
– each side 500,000
casualties
• Somme – July 1916 –
60,000 soldiers killed in
one day, 5 months, 1
The Somme American
Cemetery, France
116,516 Americans Died
War Is HELL !!
Sacrifices in War
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Lusitania – May 7, 1915
Sank in 18 minutes
1,195 lost
1,959 on board
128 Americans
Off the Coast of Ireland
One torpedo
Two Explosions
NOTICE!
Travellers intending to embark on the Atlantic
voyage are reminded that a state of war exists
between Germany and her allies and Great
Britain and her allies; that the zone of war
includes the waters adjacent to the British
Isles; that, in accordance with formal notice
given by the Imperial German Government,
vessels flying the flag of Great Britain, or any of
her allies, are liable to destruction in those
waters and that travellers sailing in the war
zone on ships of Great Britain or her allies do
so at their own risk.
IMPERIAL GERMAN EMBASSY WASHINGTON,
D.C., APRIL 22, 1915.
• “He kept us out of War”
• Re-elected 1916
• Zimmerman Telegram –
Jan. 16, 1917
• German Ambassador
• Telegram German
Ambassador in Mexico
• March 1 – published US
• April 6 - declaration
11 a.m., November 11,
1918
9,000,000 Dead
• Versailles Settlement – Germany –
REVENGE
• Russian Revolution – USSR
• Propaganda “disinformation” fueled hatred
• Collapse of ancient dynasties – Russia,
Germany, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman
• Collapse of the old landed elites – heavy
taxation, loss of sons, new democratic spirit
• Women – Got the vote – New Respect
• The “humiliation” of Germany
• Creation of ethnically diverse, militarily
weak, and economically poor nations in
central and eastern Europe – i.e.
Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia
• Twenty years after the signing of the
Treaty of Versailles - WWII begins on
September 1, 1939
• United States becomes a world power
(isolationism)
• Japan first Asian power to be accepted as an
equal in treaty negotiations
• Socialists gain mass support
• Labor Unions strengthened
• Economic dislocations – huge war loans,
widows, disabled, high tariffs
• Colonial Empires – France, G.B. survived –
increase in native revolts
• “TOTAL WAR” – Government
intervention into the economy,
heavy taxation
• Weakened the regard for human
life
• “Age of Anxiety” – strange
uncertain, uncontrollable world
• Searching for ways to put
meaning back into life