Transcript File

EUROPEAN NATION-STATES AND THE
REFORMATION
2) Resistance from National Monarchies: They could
not continue to be both a religious and a political
institution
 newly emergent powerful monarchs would not
accept political interference from outside their
own boundaries
The Age of the Hapsburgs
Europe: 1500-1800
• Europe in the post
Renaissance/Reformation era.
• Many of the same battles reamin from the
days of the Renaissance/Reformation
• Battling Religious indecision and
controversy.
Construction of Spanish Power?
• Directly related to the dominance of the
overseas exploration.
• Spanish claimed amazing amounts of land
and gold during the period of exploration.
Their conquest of the Indian empires in
Central America gave them great fortune
which would be used to control key aspects
of Europe.
The Hapsburgs:
• Originally dukes of small German states the
expanded their control into Austria and
quickly gained enough might in the region
through warfare and intermarriage to assure
themselves control of the Holy Roman
Empire.
• Cleverly arranged marriages will give them
control over much of Europe by the 1500’s.
Charles V
• Gained control of Spain in
1516
• Elected emperor of Holy
Rome in 1519
• Went from Charles I to
Charles V with that title.
• Amongst Europe's most
powerful Monarchs
• Similar in size to
Charlemagne’s empire.
Charles V: Achievements
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Ruled for 37 years
Protection from Ottoman Turks in Europe
Built a large Naval force
Fought wars to advance the interests of Spain.
Forced to relinquish present day Hungary to the
advancing Ottoman Turks
• Retired in 1556: gave empire to his son Phillip II
Phillip II of Spain
• Made Spain into the pre eminent power in Europe
built on power of father.
• Made Spain one Europe’s first Nation States
• Devout Catholic whose greatest achievement was
to rid Europe of Protestantism.
• Reinstated the Inquisition.
• Map of Phillips Europe:
The Inquisition:
What is the Inquisition:
• A tribunal or court of religious faith based
on the intense questioning of ones religious
purity and faith. A rigorous examination
often ending in torture or death to purge the
“heretic”.
• Forced conversion or allegiance to
Catholicism.
The Revolt of the Netherlands
• Direct Challenge to the authority of Phillip II.
• Netherlands 17 provinces with a history of
independent governance.
• Violent period emerged over who controls.
• Dutch have always had a tradition of liberty and
freedom, uncomfortable being ruled. They will
win their independence in the North. Two
countries will emerge: Netherlands and its catholic
south known as Belgium.
• Violence captured by Dutch artists.
The Spanish Armada:
• The main military power of the day.
• Epitomized the conflict between Protestant
England and Catholic Spain.
• England fearing a Spanish takeover after
they finished with the Dutch, sided with the
Dutch and declared a “pirate” war at sea by
giving permission to raid Spanish ships.
Phillip II responds to Elizabeth
• Elizabeth very much like her dad Henry
VIII, powerful, and stubborn!
• Phillip decides to punish Elizabeth and
England for meddling by Invading the
island nation with a huge array of ships
called an Armada.
• It was made up of about 130 ships with
24,000 soldiers.
English response
• The English had much smaller, more swift,
maneuverable ships that moved in and
around the gigantic Spanish ships with ease.
• They set old boats on fire and launched
them at the Spanish who in response fled to
the North Sea only to be vanquished by a
huge storm called the “Protestant Winds”.
Impacts of Armada
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Established England as a European Power.
Victory for Protestantism
Brought about continued religious conflicts
Decline of Spain
Focus on Imperialism
Thirty Years War
• Controversy had been silenced by the Peace of
Augsburg in 1555 in which the Holy Roman
Emperor acknowledged the legitimacy of the
Lutheran Church…but troubles were beginning.
• Involved nearly every nation in Europe bound by
religious ties.
• Traced back to the decentralization of the German
Princes and their Lutheran fiath.
Denmark ignites conflict
• Bohemian protests against the Catholic
Holy Roman Empire, forced the Northern
European nation of Denmark to declare war
on Holy Rome. The conflict snowballed
with all Protestant nations siding with
Denmark and Catholics with Holy Rome.
Pick a Side?
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Protestants:
France (Catholic)
Bohemia
Germany
Denmark
Sweden
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Catholics:
Holy Rome
House of Hapsburg
Spain
Austria
Impacts of the War
• Amongst histories
bloodiest wars.
Millions of people
were killed and
ravaged by the famine
and disease of the era.
State building:
• All of Europe involved in
a conflict on Political,
Social, Religious and
Economic significance.
• A turning point of History.
Europe becoming
independent states
Peace of Westphalia
• As you can see from the following map the
peace radically changed the map of Europe.
The big Winner: France. The big loser:
Hapsburgs
State Formation in Early Modern
Europe.
• Italy--Chaotic:
• Italian Wars 1494-1559
• Italy became the
playground of budding
monarchical absolutists.
• France's invasion of Italy
in 1494
• Spain and the Holy
Roman Empire became
involved in Italy.
The Battle of Pavia, 1525.
ABSOLUTISM AND
CONSTITUTIONALISM IN EUROPE
• The Eclipse of Spain
• Spain was slowly being strangled to death by
its own colonial empire abroad.
• Portuguese throne
– Empty following the death of its monarch in 1580,
was claimed by Philip II
• "Spanish Captivity."
• Portuguese threw off the Spanish yoke in 1640
– But, lost its Asian empire
ABSOLUTISM AND
CONSTITUTIONALISM IN EUROPE
 The
Foundations of Absolutism
 feudal balance between monarchs and
nobles came undone in the 17th century.

Monarchs gained new powers in warfare
and tax collection
 Role

of France
Unified and Rising: The role of CatholicHuguenot civil wars in France (1560-98)
ABSOLUTISM AND
France
• Henry IV (1589-1610): The Protestant Henry
Bourbon of Navarre
– Put forth Edict of Nantes
• Chief minister Sully (1600-1610)
– He and Henry IV responsible for reconstructing
and making France prosperous again
ABSOLUTISM AND
France
 France
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under Henry IV:
Brigandage halted
rebel army units broken up
noble privileges were curbed
new bourgeoisie created
the taille was initiated.
 Henry
1610
IV was assassinated in
Henry IV, as Hercules vanquishing the
Lernaean Hydra or Catholic League.
ABSOLUTISM and France
• Henry IV was succeeded
by Louis XIII
– irresponsible and wasteful
• Louis had help of Cardinal
Richelieu
– conniving, and manipulative
– He maintain French prestige
abroad and Bourbon
absolutism.
Louis XIII
 When Richelieu died in 1642, he was replaced by Mazarin
continuing Richelieu's work and ushered in the Age of Louis XIV
ABSOLUTISM AND
CONSTITUTIONALISM IN EUROPE
• The Pinnacle of Royal
Absolutism: France
under Louis XIV
– The “Sun King" (16431715):
1. it was actually
Cardinal Mazarin who
was the power behind
the throne
2. nobility did not like of
Mazarin
 result: two rebellions
known as the Frondes
Crushing the
Fronde
ABSOLUTISM AND
CONSTITUTIONALISM IN EUROPE
• Mazarin ruled France until 1661
• Louis actually took power
himself
– Louis did not share power with
any other Cardinal/ministers
except one.
1. no restrictions on royal
authority
2. no institution that guaranteed
the rights of people
 principle of "the divine right of
kings."
ABSOLUTISM AND
CONSTITUTIONALISM IN EUROPE
• After 1661, Louis did allow
his chief finance minister,
Jean Baptiste Colbert
– Colbert built:
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nation's finances
France's mercantilist position
protected industries
regulated prices
a network of roads and
canals
• the navy
• encouraged colonization
ABSOLUTISM AND
CONSTITUTIONALISM IN EUROPE
• The “space” of
consolidation revolved
around Louis’ new royal
palace at Versailles
• Louis had all royal
activities take place there
– All ministers financially
dependent on the
crown
• Altho a patron of arts,
squandered fortune and
power
ABSOLUTISM AND
CONSTITUTIONALISM IN BRITAIN
• The Rise of Constitutionalism in England
• English monarchy in 16th -17th cent.
– very different from France and Spain
• England--Unified and Skirting
Absolutism
ABSOLUTISM AND
CONSTITUTIONALISM IN BRITAIN
• England from 1485 to
1640
• almost became an
absolutist monarchy
– strong Tudor monarchs
Henry VII, Henry VIII,
and Elizabeth I
– nobility forced to obey
to the crown
ABSOLUTISM AND
CONSTITUTIONALISM IN BRITAIN
• Stuart Reverses
• James I
– he might listen to parliament but was not
compelled
• Charles I also tried to do the same
• state revenues became more serious
• in the 17th century, the king was forced to
resort more to parliament
ABSOLUTISM AND
CONSTITUTIONALISM IN BRITAIN
• Charles interfered in Parliamentary
sessions
– “Long Parliament.”
• Civil War broke out in 1649.
• Created a division
– Two sides:
1. the Cavaliers
2. the Roundheads
ABSOLUTISM AND
CONSTITUTIONALISM IN BRITAIN
• Oliver Cromwell
– Leader of the Roundheads
– Won the war; Charles I executed
• Cromwell est. Commonwealth of England
– ruled (1649-58)
• Long Parliament reconvened and invited Charles II
back from France in 1660
– lasted until his death in 1685
– Charles’ brother James II then ruled until Glorious Revolution
in 1688.
ABSOLUTISM AND
CONSTITUTIONALISM IN EUROPE
• The Triumph of Parliament
• England's Example:
– With the election of William and Mary 
England still ruled by a small group of
landowning aristocrats
– “Bill of Rights” (1689)
• Glorious Revolution served as a model for
the American Revolution
ABSOLUTISM AND
CONSTITUTIONALISM IN EUROPE
• OVERVIEW. The system we see here was
called “absolute monarchy”; Louis XIV was its
outstanding example
• Prussia during the eighteenth century.
• But…Britain and the Netherlands formed
parliamentary regimes. parliament won basic
sovereignty over the king
• A developing political theory built on this process
ABSOLUTISM AND
CONSTITUTIONALISM IN EUROPE
• The Nation-State
• They ruled peoples with a common
language and culture.
• Ordinary people did not have a role in
government, but they did feel that it should
act for their interests
• nation-states kept the West politically
divided and at war
British and European Colonialism
in North America
 Colonial industry was
closely associated with
trade. A significant
percentage of Atlantic
shipping was on vessels
built in the colonies.
 Mercantile theory
encouraged the colonies to
provide raw materials for
England’s industrializing
economy.
 pig iron and coal
became important
exports.
Colonial Trade
Chesapeake and
West Indian Colonies
 London Company launched expedition in 1607
 Settled on James River and founded Jamestown
 Jamestown settlement
 Colonists focused on survival
 Settlers survived only because of Indians
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John Smith
Pocahontas
Colony almost abandoned in 1610
Role of tobacco in colony’s early survival
Selected its own assembly, the House of Burgesses
Conflict with Indians decimated colony in 1622
 Crown assumed control of the colony in 1624, making
Virginia a royal colony
Mercantilism as a Moral Revolution
 British colonists enjoyed a good deal of
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political autonomy through their elected
assemblies (for example, the Virginia House of
Burgesses).
Euros believed that power came from a nation’s
wealth.
Colonies were necessary for economic growth.
Nations had to control the commerce of their
colonies.
First Navigation Act, 1651
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Balance of trade
Rules governing which goods could enter English
ports and on which ships
Mercantilism (cont’d)
 Navigation Act of 1660
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All colonial trade had to be carried out on
English ships.
 New rules on nationality of captain and crew
of ships.
 Enumerated commodities that could be
shipped from the colony of origin only to
England or another English colony.
Colonial Trade and Industry
The Atlantic trading network
England, Africa, and the West Indies.
 The pattern of commerce called the Triangular Trade
 the exchange of products from colonial farms, plantations,
fisheries, and forests with England for manufactured goods and
the West Indies for slaves, molasses, and sugar.
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To cultivate tobacco, planters brought in
large numbers of English workers
Headright system developed
 A headright is a legal grant of land to settlers
 Most headrights were for 1 to 100 acres
Result A lot economic imbalance between wealthy
land owners and poor workers.
Tobacco prices fluctuated
 Violence sometimes ensued
 Bacon’s Rebellion
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Restoration Colonies, cont.
The Carolinas.
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Originally included the land from the southern
border of Virginia to Spanish Florida,
The Crown granted land to eight proprietors in
1663.
Settlers from Virginia came into the northern part
of the territory in the 1650s, bringing with them
the tobacco culture.
 Rice became the staple crop by the 1690s.
 Because its production was extremely labor
intensive, colonists imported African slaves.
Impact of the Glorious Revolution
in the Colonies
 As colonial population increased, some
English traditions were altered
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Colonies had to educate and train their own
ministers
 Emergence of colonial class of “gentlemen”
 Ireland and Germany main sources of
immigrants after 1720
 Two factors:
 colonial prosperity  the spread of
information
 simple fact of distance
The social structure of the colonies
 Chesapeake area
 Both in their lifestyles and social pursuits (such
as horse racing), the southern gentry emulated
the English country squire.
 Southern colonies.
 The descendants of the Dutch patroons and the
men who received lands from the English royal
governors controlled estates in the middle
colonies.
• worked by tenant farmers
New France, 1670s-1730s
 In 1673, Jesuit Jacques Marquette fur trader Louis
Joliet traveled from Wisconsin down the Mississippi
River.
 in 1702, La Salle explores from Lake Mich. all the
way to the Gulf of Mexico (Louisiana).
 principal motives behind French exploration and
settlement: bringing Catholicism to the native tribes
and expanding the fur trade.
New France, 1670s-1730s
 Louis tried to transform colony into
model absolutist society
 only French Catholics
 population of New France and Louisiana
was quite small.
 Important distinction:
 Unlike the British colonists, the French,
and especially fur trappers, integrated into
Indian culture life customs.
 These trappers still maintained French
identity.
New Territories After
Queen Anne’s War, 1713
Africa in the Atlantic
Slave Trade
African History and Afro-Eurasian
Connections, 1550–1700
• In South Africa, the Dutch and French Huguenots
brought Calvinism in the seventeenth century.
– Very different from the Christianity favored by Ethiopia and in the
Kongo
– Cape Town was founded in 1652.
• Islam provided another opportunity for global
interconnections for Africa.
– On the coast of East Africa, the Portuguese were unable to hold
onto their trade centers.
• Urban civilization developed along the Niger River.
– Trade between grain farmers and cattle herders, and fishers of
the river
– The most important West African cities were located along its
banks.
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Capture
• The original capture
of slaves was almost
always violent
• As European demand
grew, African
chieftains organized
raiding parties to
seize individuals from
neighboring societies
• Others launched wars
specifically for the
purpose of capturing
slaves
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Middle Passage
• Following capture,
slaves were forcemarched to holding
pens before being
loaded on ships
• The trans-Atlantic
journey was called the
“Middle Passage”
• The ships were filthy,
hot, and crowded
Africa and the Americas: The
Plantation Complex
• At least 12 million Africans were taken from Africa along the
Middle Passage to the Americas.
• The Atlantic plantation system transformed international
trade.
– Also transformed the Americas ecologically and economically.
• Imported plants and animals replaced native ones.
• Africans became the majority in the Caribbean.
• Sugar became the primary crop.
• Africans were not passive victims of the Atlantic slave trade
and plantation system.
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Attempted to resist slavery
Their mortality rates were quite high.
Native languages were lost.
However, other elements of culture were retained by Africans in the
Americas.
The Ecology and Economics of
Plantation Production
• African slaves were used to grow and process the sugar.
– Slaves planted, weeded, and harvested the sugar.
• Sugar was grown and processed year round.
– Slaves also processed the raw cane into an exportable product.
• The raw cane had to be squeezed to draw the juice out and boiled down to a
syrup.
– Processing was dangerous and sometimes deadly.
• For instance, kettles could explode.
• Slave populations were not self-sustaining.
– The working conditions were so harsh that mortality rates were
high.
• Africans were literally worked to death.
• In seventeenth-century Barbados, fresh imports were necessary every year
to maintain a level population.
– The fertility of slave women was compromised by the hard work.
Plantations
• In addition to sugar,
plantations produced
crops like tobacco,
indigo, and cotton
• All were designed to
export commercial
crops for profit
• Relied almost
exclusively on large
amounts of slave
labor supervised by
small numbers of
European or EuroAmerican managers
Brazilian sugar mill in the 1830s
Slavery in North America
• Diseases took less of a toll in North
America and living conditions were usually
less brutal
• Plantation owners imported large numbers
of female slaves and encouraged their
slaves to form families and bear children
– Only about 5% of slaves delivered to the
western hemisphere went to North America
Forms of Resistance
• Work slowly
• Sabotage
• Runaway
– “Maroons” gathered together and built self-governing
communities
• Revolt
– Slaves outnumbered the owners and supervisors so
revolt was always a threat
– While causing much destruction, revolts were usually
able to be suppressed because the owners had
access to arms, horses, and military forces
African Diaspora
• Obviously, the main contribution slaves brought
to the western hemisphere was an incredible
amount of labor, without which the prosperous
new societies could not have developed
• However they brought other contributions as
well:
– Slaves built hybrid cultural traditions made up of
African, European, and American elements
– Influenced language by creating tongues that drew on
several African and European languages
Gullah
• For several reasons, Africans,
both as slaves and free, enjoyed
a relative amount of selfsufficiency in the Sea Islands off
of South Carolina
• Their culture maintained much of
its original characteristics as it
encountered American culture
• For example, most of the Gullah
vocabulary is of English origin,
but the grammar and major
elements of pronunciation come
from a number of West African
languages
African Diaspora
• Many slaves were either Christians when they
left Africa or converted to Christianity after their
arrival in the western hemisphere
• Their Christianity was not exactly like European
Christianity and made considerable room for
African traditions
– Associated African deities with Christian saints
– Relied heavily on African rituals such as drumming,
dancing, and sacrificing animals
– Preserved their belief in spirits and supernatural
powers and made use of magic, sorcery, witchcraft,
and spirit possession