Transcript The Atlantic World 1492 * 1800

The Atlantic World 1492 – 1800
World History Chapter 4 Review
The Voyages of Columbus
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First Encounters
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Convinced that he had a way to reach China, Columbus tried to find
backers for a voyage, but did not succeed until Queen Isabella of
Spain agreed to fund his voyage west across the Atlantic in 1492.
With three ships, the Nina, the Pinta and the Santa Maria,
Columbus crossed the Atlantic and found land in the Caribbean
Islands, which he though was really the Indies (Islands between the
Indian Ocean and the Pacific), and therefore called the inhabitants,
Indians which has stuck ever since, even though the islands were
actually on the far side of the world.
San Salvador (Holy Savior)
Delighted with his discoveries, Spain funded three more voyages,
17 ships, more than a 1000 soldiers. Columbus was named Admiral
and Viceroy over the islands.
Other Explorers
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Cabral (Portugal) 1500 Brazil
Amerigo Vespucci (Italian working for Portugal)“New World” not
asia
“New World” Named America to honor Vespucci
Vasco Nunez de Balboa (Spain) crosses Panama, “discovers” Pacific
Ocean
Ferdinand Magellan (Spain) 1519 first circumnavigation of the
world
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One ship, 18 survivors
Spanish Conquests in Mexico
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Cortez and the Aztecs
– In 1519, a Spanish Conquistador, Hernando Cortez landed
in Mexico, to search for “God, Glory, and Gold”
– Cortez is at first greeted cautiously and with great fear
and deference as it was believed that the Spaniards were
the foretold return of the Gods (Viracocha).
– Tenochtitlan – main city of the Aztec
– Montezuma II
– Greeted as guests at first, but the greed of the Spanish
led them to confront the Aztec, and at the beginning,
they were forced to retreat.
– Malinche – former slave given to Cortez for translator
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Mother of Mexico
The Traitor
– Found allies among various tribes who hated the Aztec
– Disease – Small pox, measles, mumps, typhus, and others
– Downfall of the Aztec
Spanish Conquests in Peru
• Pizzaro Subdues the Inca
– 1532, Francisco Pizzaro and less than 200
men
– Atahualpa, overconfident of his ability to kill
the Spanish, left himself defenseless
• Spain’s Pattern of Conquest
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Spain and the Moors
Encomienda system
Peninsulares – From the peninsula (Spain)
Mestizo – Mixed Spanish and Native
American
• The Portuguese in Brazil
– No gold, plantations of sugar
Spain’s Influence Expands
– Spain’s new wealth created an age of art and culture,
as well as a massive military and navy
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Conquistadors Push North
– Ponce de Leon, Florida, 1513, Fountain of Youth
– Francisco Vasquez de Coranado, 1540-41 southwest
US, City of Gold (El Dorado)
– Little gold was found, so most expansion was for
converts
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Opposition to Spanish Rule
– Bartolome de Las Casas wrote extensively on Spanish
oppression and cruelty of the natives
– Many opposed what was happening
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African Slavery and Native Resistance
– Many times natives rebelled against the Spanish, but
were rarely successful for any amount of time.
– The encomienda system did not work well, and new
labor was brought in,l African slaves
Competing Claims in North America
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Though the Pope split the world between Spain and
Portugal (Catholic Kingdoms), the Protestant
Kingdoms wanted colonies too, and ignored the
Popes treaty.
Explorers Establish New France
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Giovanni da Verrazzano
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Jacques Cartier
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Great Lakes
Upper Mississippi
Sieur de La Salle
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Founded Quebec with 32 Colonists (New France) 1608
Jaques Marquette and Louis Joliet 1673
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St Lawrence River – 1534
Mount Royal (Montreal)
Samuel de Chaplain
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New York Harbor – 1524
Lower Mississippi – Claimed whole river valley for
France – Louisiana (Louis XIV)
A Trading Empire
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By 1760, the French population of New France was
only 65,000. The French were more interested in
fur trapping and trade than in colonization.
The English Arrive in North America
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The Settlement at Jamestown 1607
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Pilgrims and Puritans Create a “New England” 1620
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Pilgrims left Europe seeking of religious freedom (why this
religion?) and started the Plymouth Colony.
A group of Puritans (purify the church) also came to New England
and founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony
Wanted to create a “City on a Hill”, a model city of Christianity
Dutch Found New Netherlands
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Charter created by King James for London investors, sent an
expedition of 3 ships and 100 colonists.
At first, the settlers were only interested in finding gold (very
little), and many starved or were killed by Native Americans (7 in
10)
Once tobacco was found, this cash crop became very lucrative for
the investors and land owners.
Henry Hudson, 1609, looking for the Northwest passage, found
Hudson's Bay, Hudson’s River and Hudson’s Straight.
Created Colonies in Fort Orange (Albany) and Manhattan Island,
mainly for the fur trade.
Colonizing the Caribbean
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Plantations of Sugar and Cotton, large amounts of slave labor
French: Haiti, Guadalupe, Martinique
English: Jamaica, Barbados
Dutch: Antilles, Aruba
The Struggle for North America
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The English oust the Dutch
– The Dutch colony in New Netherlands (New York) was in
between Jamestown and Plymouth.
– In 1664, Charles II of England’s brother, the Duke of York,
was granted permission to drive out the Dutch.
– The Dutch surrendered without a fight, area renamed
New York.
– By 1750, 1.2 million English colonists from Maine to
Georgia
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England Belittles France
– The colonists wanted more land, and tried to move west,
but the French had already staked out the Mississippi and
Ohio valleys.
– This led to the French and Indian War in 1754, called the
Seven Years War by Britain and France because it was
much larger than North America, they fought over the
globe.
– In 1763, the French were defeated, England claimed most
of North America now, with the Spanish in Florida, and
the Southwest, and the Russians claiming Alaska and the
coast down to California.
Native Americans Respond
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A Strained Relationship
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Settlers and Native Americans Battle
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The French and Dutch had good relations
with the native Americans, trading and not
colonizing for the most part.
The English were determined to colonize,
and the Indians were in the way.
The fighting began almost as soon as the
English landed, though for the first 20
years it was isolated incidents on both
sides.
The Powhatan tribe and the Virginia
colony of Jamestown became the first
open conflict in 1622.
The Plymouth and Massachusetts colonies
fought King Phillips War (Metacon).
Disease Strikes Native Americans
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European diseases ravaged the Native
American population, and some of it was
deliberate.
This had another affect though, as the
labor from Native Americans became
harder to get, the colonies turned to
African slaves.
The Causes of African Slavery
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Slavery in Africa
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Initially, Native American labor was used on the plantations of the European
colonists, but disease, harsh conditions, and runaways were a major problem.
To deal with shortages of labor, Europeans began to import African slaves
around 1500.
Slavery has existed in Africa for a very long tie, but it was usually minor. Once
Islam began to spread however, Muslims justified enslaving non-Muslims, and
from 650 to 1600, some 17 million slaves were taken by the Muslim empires
and Caliphates.
Slave had some rights in the Muslim world, and could even reach positions of
authority, like a general.
The Demand for Africans
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The Portuguese trading posts in Africa were more interested in gold and ivory,
but when Native Americans died in large numbers, slaves became more
important and profitable.
African slaves were preferred because
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This started the Atlantic Slave Trade
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They had similar immunities as Europeans to disease
They had experience in farming
They did not know the land and could not escape
Those who did escape could easily be caught (skin color)
Between 1500 and 1600, some 300,000 Africans were forcibly taken across the
Atlantic
By 1700, 1.3 million
By 1870, some 9.5 million Africans sold into slavery
Spain and Portugal Lead the Way
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Most slavery did not take place in North America, but in the Caribbean and
South America (mostly Brazil)
Spain was the early leader in African slaves, but Portuguese needs for labor in
Brazil (40% of all slaves) caused the largest transport of slaves.
Slavery Spreads Throughout the
Americas
• England Dominates the Slave Trade
– The need for labor in the English colonies on the
plantations increased the need for African Slaves, and
from 1690 to 1807, the English brought in 1.7 million
slaves.
– The Colonies themselves also participated and brought in
another 400,000.
– Though the number of slaves brought in stopped as the
slave trade became illegal, the population in the colonies
continued to grow, unlike the plantations of Brazil and
the Caribbean.
• African Resistance and Cooperation
– Most African’s who were captured to be slaves were not
taken by Europeans, but by African trades along the
coast, who traded for guns, gold, and other products,
making the coastal tribes powerful at the expense of the
interior tribes.
A Forced Journey
• The Triangle Trade
– Colonies to Africa
• Bibles, Rum, Guns
– Africa to Caribbean
• Slaves, gold, ivory
– Caribbean to Colonies
• Sugar, slaves
• The Middle Passage
– The Middle Passage was the trip from Africa to
the Caribbean or straight to the colonies.
– The passage was often brutal for Africans, and the
usual loss during the voyage was about 20%,
though sometimes much higher.
– “Horse Latitudes”
Slavery in the Americas
• A Harsh Life
– Slave life in the American Colonies was not as harsh as the Caribbean and
Brazil, but still bad.
– Harsh punishments
– Runaways
– Field workers and house workers
– Community of different tribes (Aunties and Uncles)
– Language, culture, music, beliefs
• Resistance and Rebellion
– Passive resistance (breaking tools)
– Active resistance – slave uprising
• Consequences of the Slave Trade
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Weakened Africa
Profits for Europeans and Americans
Families split (selling down the river)
Culture of oppression and discrimination
The Columbian Exchange
More than anything else, the “Columbian Exchange” introduced new foods,
animals, and ideas all over the globe, transforming the lives of people virtually
everywhere.
From the Americas
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Corn
Potatoes
Tomatoes
Squash
Beans
Avocadoes
Tobacco
Vanilla
Cacao
Peanuts
Turkeys
From Europe, Asia, Africa
• Grains (Oats, Wheat, Rice…)
• Fruits (Banana, Orange,
Grapes…)
• Livestock (Cows, Sheep, Goats,
Chickens, Horses, Pigs…)
• Olives
• Onions
• Coffee
• Sugar
• Honey Bees
The Columbian Exchange
Global Trade
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The Rise of Capitalism
– Capitalism is a system of economics based on the ideas of private
property, markets setting the price of goods, and profit.
– Based mainly on the ideas of Adam Smith’s “Wealth of Nations”
– Before this time, trade was largely controlled by the King/ruler,
and prices were largely set by the crown.
– As trade increased and with all of the gold and silver coming from
the Americas, European nations saw tremendous increases in
trade and business, which in turn raised demand for everyday
goods like food, and causes an increase in prices as goods
become more scarce. This is called inflation.
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Joint-Stock Companies
– To pay for expensive trade voyages around the world, investors
teamed up to fund these voyages.
– The investors would buy shares of a voyage, and at the end, the
money would be divided up amongst the investors based on how
much they invested, or how many “shares” they had.
– Joint-stock companies could also be used to fund colonies, such
as Jamestown.
The Growth of Mercantilism
• The Central Ideas of Mercantilism
• Wealth is the measure of the power of a country.
• Wealth can be obtained by acquiring gold and silver.
• Wealth can also be obtained by selling to other countries
more than you buy from them .
• Balance of Trade
– To achieve a favorable balance of trade, a country
must:
• Become self sufficient (not buying from other countries.)
• Develop colonies to produce raw materials (and for
markets.)
• Sell more to other countries than they sell to you, thus
increasing your wealth while depleting theirs.
• Economic Revolution Changes European Society
– While European economies improved, most were
still poor, and lived in rural areas.
– Trade increased ideas of nationalism.
– Wealth of European nations gave them more power.