Transcript Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism

Reaction, Revolution,
and Romanticism
{
3.2 – AP European History
University High School
I. The Conservative
European Order
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FR = Politics, IR =
Economic/Social
Growth of industrial
middle class
Revitalized
conservatism
Ideologies of change 
liberalism, socialism,
nationalism
The Dual Revolution
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A coalition of nations
that rose against
Napoleon; Reestablished conservative
order in Europe
Balance of Power 
New Map of Europe
The Diplomats
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Prince Klemens von
Metternich
Robert Castlereagh
Charles Talleyrand
Tsar Alexander I
The Congress of Vienna (1814
– 1815)
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The Results
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Creation of the German
Confederation
Consolidation of the Dutch
Republic and the Austrian
Netherlands
Prussian control of the Rhine
Austrian control of Italian
states
Russian and British gains
New Alliances
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Holy Alliance
Quadruple Alliance/Concert
of Europe
Principle of Intervention
The Congress of Vienna (1814
– 1815)
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Conservatism
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Wanted return to prerevolutionary Europe
Liberalism = Violence
Edmund Burke (1729 –
1797), Reflections on the
Revolution in France
Favored by traditional
authorities
19th Century Ideologies
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Liberalism
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Supported
representative gov’t,
civil liberties, legal
equality
Favored by middle
class/bourgeoisie
Economic Liberalism
John Stuart Mill (1806
– 1873), On Liberty
19th Century Ideologies
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Radicalism
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Civil and legal equality;
expansion of voting rights
(Republicanism)
Socialism
Supported by working
class, intelligentsia
Nationalism
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Community (nation-state)
with common institutions,
traditions, language, and
customs
Each nationality should
have its own gov’t
Threatened to upset
existing political order
19th Century Ideologies
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1815 - Nobility
dominated parliament
Whigs & Tories
Corn Laws of 1815 
economic strife,
political discontent
Peterloo Massacre, 1819
Conservatism in Great
Britain
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Louis XVIII (r. 18141824) restored to throne
in 1814/1815
Opposed by liberals &
ultraroyalists
Charles X (r. 1824-1830)
more conservative
Eventually accepted
ministerial
responsibility
Restoration in France
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Metternich “chief
Minister of Police in
Europe”
Austria  empire w/
11 ethnicities
Burschenschaften
Karlsbad Decrees
(1819)
Zollverein
Repression in Central Europe
(PR & A-H)
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Rural population,
autocratic ruler:
Alexander I
Reactionary after 1815
Northern Union  secret
society
Decembrist Revolt 1825
Revolt transformed
Nicolaus I (r. 1825-1855)
into a reactionary
Resistance towards
Westernization/Industriali
zation
Russia: Autocracy of the
Tsars
II. Age of Revolutions
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Uprisings in Spain and
Italy
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Congress of Vienna
established 9 states in
Italy
Carbonari and Attempted
Revolution
Ferdinand VIII restored
as king of Spain in 1814
Broken promises,
persecuted parliament 
revolt!
Uprisings and Revolutions
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Revolutions in the
Americas
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Uprisings and
Revolutions
Haitian Revolution (1789 –
1804)
Creoles in Latin America
began to crave political
independence
Spanish South America
Brazil
Mexico
Abolitionist Movement
The Greek Revolt (1821 –
1830)
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Charles X and the July
Ordinances
July Monarchy – LouisPhilippe
Favored upper middle
class (bourgeoisie)
Worker unrest,
sporadic rebellions –
June Rebellion of 1832
French Revolution of 1830 –
July Revolution
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1830 – Whigs in power
Reform Act of 1832
Poor Law of 1834
Repeal of the Corn
Laws, 1846
Ten Hours Act of 1847
Reform in Great Britain
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Yet Another French
Revolution
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Economic depression in
1846
Revolution in Feb. 1848
New provisional gov’t =
Republic w/ liberal
reforms
Election of moderate
National Assembly in
April 1848  June Days
Triggered revolutions
in other parts of Europe
The Revolutions of 1848
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Prussia and the Frankfurt
Assembly
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King Frederick William IV
agreed to abolish censorship
and work for a united GR
Kleindeutsch vs. Grossdeutsch
Other Problems
Upheaval in the Austrian
Empire
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Hungarian liberals demanded
“commonwealth”
Divisions among nationalities
Austrian gov’t exploited
divisions  sent military to
crush rebellions
The Revolutions of 1848
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Revolts in the Italian
States
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Risorgimento – Italian
resurgence
1848 Uprisings
Intervention of AUS
and FR
Why did they fail?
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Divisions among rebels
Fear of universal male
suffrage
The Revolutions of 1848
The Death of
Saradanapalus
Eugene
Delacroix
1827, 1844
Louvre
III. The Age of Romanticism
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Cultural and artistic
movement of 1st half
19th C
Reaction against 18th C
Enlightenment &
Classicism
Emphasis on intuition,
feeling, emotion, and
imagination as ways of
knowing
The Massacre at Chios
Eugene Delacroix
1824
What is Romanticism?
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Individualism
Wanderer above the Sea of Fog
Caspar David Friedrich
1818
Characteristics of Romanticism
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The Romantic Hero
Characteristics of Romanticism
So We’ll Go No More A Roving
She walks in beauty, like the night
Of cloudless climes and starry skies;
And all that’s best of dark and bright
Meet in her aspect and her eyes;
Thus mellowed to that tender light
Which heaven to gaudy day denies
One shade the more, on ray the less,
Had half impaired the nameless grace
Which waves in every raven tress,
Or softly lightens o’er her face;
Where thoughts serenely sweet express,
How pure, how dear their dwelling-place.
And on that cheek, an o’er that brow,
So soft, so calm, yet eloquent,
The smiles that win, the tints that glow,
But tell of days in goodness spent,
A mind at peace with all below,
A heart whose love is innocent!
She Walks in Beauty
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Glorification of
Nature
The Sea of Ice
Caspar David Friedrich
1823-1824
The Slave Ship
J.M.W. Turner
1840
Characteristics of Romanticism
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The exotic, the
occult, the gothic,
and the macabre
The Colossus
Francisco Goya
1808-1812
Saturn Devouring His Son
Francisco Goya
c. 1819 - 1823
Characteristics of Romanticism
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Fascination with
History
Houses of Parliament
1837-1860
Characteristics of Romanticism
The Lady of Shalott
And down the river’s dim
expanse
Like some bold seer in a
trance,
Seeing all his own mischance
With glassy countenance
Did she look to Camelot.
And the closing of the day
She loosed the chain, and
down she lay;
The broad stream bore her
far away
The Lady of Shalott
Alfred, Lord Tennyson
1832
Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi
Eugene Delacroix
 Nationalism
1826
Lady Liberty Leading the People
Eugene Delacroix, 1830
Characteristics of Romanticism
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Theodore Gericault
(1791 – 1824)
Romanticism in Art
The Raft of the Medusa
Theodore Gericault
1818-1819
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Eugene Delacroix
(1798 – 1863)
The Death of
Saradanapalus
Eugene
Delacroix
1827, 1844
Louvre
Romanticism in Art
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John Constable
(1776 – 1837)
Romanticism in Art
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JMW Turner (1775 –
1851)
Rain, Steam, and Speed
– The Great Western
Railway
1844
National Gallery,
London
Romanticism in Art
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Caspar David Friedrich
(1774 – 1780)
Two Men Contemplating
the Moon, 1819
Romanticism in Art
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Francisco Goya
(1746 – 1828)
The Third of May
1801
Prado Museum,
Madrid
Romanticism in Art
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Poetry
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Best embodiment of artistic
characteristics of
Romanticism
Flourished in Britain
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William Wordsworth
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Lord Byron
Percy Bysshe Shelley
John Keats
William Blake
Romanticism in Poetry &
Literature
I wandered lonely as a cloud
That floats on high o’er vales and hills,
When all at once I saw a crowd,
A host, of golden daffodils;
Beside the lake, beneath the trees,
Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.
I Wandered Lonely as a
Cloud
William Wordsworth
No, no, go not to Lethe, neither twist
Wolf's-bane, tight-rooted, for its poisonous wine;
Nor suffer thy pale forehead to be kiss'd
By nightshade, ruby grape of Proserpine;
Make not your rosary of yew-berries,
Nor let the beetle, nor the death-moth be
Your mournful Psyche, nor the downy owl
A partner in your sorrow's mysteries;
For shade to shade will come too drowsily,
And drown the wakeful anguish of the soul.
Ode to Melancholy
John Keats
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Literature
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The Gothic Novel
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The Historical Novel
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Jane Eyre – Charlotte Bronte (1847)
Wuthering Heights – Emily Bronte (1847)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame - Victor Hugo (1831)
Les Miserables – Victor Hugo (1862)
The Three Musketeers – Alexander Dumas (1844)
The Science-Fiction Novel
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Frankenstein – Mary Shelley (1817)
Dracula – Bramm Stoker (1897)
The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde – Robert
Louis Stevenson (1886)
Romanticism in Poetry &
Literature
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Romanticism realized most fully and
permanently its goals of free expression and
emotional intensity in music
Expansion to full orchestra
Glorification/fame of the musician
Ludwig van Beethoven (1770 – 1827)
Romanticism in Music