Transcript Chapter 23 World History

Chapter 23
The French
Revolution and
Napoleon
The French Revolution Begins
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1700s France seemed advanced, but had
underlying problems 1770s –Old Regime – 3 social classes called
estates
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1st Estate – Roman Catholic Church
2nd Estate – rich nobles
3rd Estate – 97% of people
Bourgeoisie – middle class
 Workers
 Peasants
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The French Revolution Begins
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1st and 2nd estates held high offices and paid
little taxes
Bourgeoisie – bankers, factory owners,
merchants, professionals and skilled artisans;
wealthy and paid high taxes, but had few
privileges
Workers paid poorly, and frequently
unemployed and hungry
Peasants – 80% of population – paid taxes
and tithes on most things
3rd Estate was eager for change
The French Revolution Begins
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Enlightenment and American Revolution
inspired French for equality, liberty and
democracy
Merchants, factory owners and bankers were
struggling
Taxes made business difficult
Crop failures and starvation
Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette spent
extravagantly, borrowed to help Americans,
and inherited debt
The French Revolution Begins
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Antoinette from Austria – gowns, jewels,
gambling and gifts – French didn’t like
Austrians
Each Estate had 1 vote
3rd Estate objected and called for National
Assembly and were locked out of meeting
room
7-14-1789 Storming of the Bastille for weapons
– hacked guards and displayed heads on
pikes
The French Revolution Begins
 Peasants
rise up against nobles during
Great Fear
 Riots break out in Paris over food and the
king flees
Revolution Brings War & Terror
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Out of fear nobles and clergy make all
estates equal
National Assembly adopts rights similar to
America’s
Church lost land and independence as
church officials were elected
Sale of church lands put towards French debt
Peasants felt church and Pope should be
separate from the state
Revolution Brings War & Terror
 Louis
XVI tries to escapes to Netherlands
and is returned to Paris
 National Assembly debates over a
constitution for 2 years
 Constitutional monarchy with a Legislative
Assembly to create laws that monarchy
needed to enforce
 Debt and food shortages divide the
assembly
Revolution Brings War & Terror
 Emigres
– nobles and others who fled
France wanted to restore the Old Regime
while others (poor) wanted additional
reforms
 Other countries were concerned that
events in France could undo their
monarchies
Revolution Brings War & Terror
 Prussia
& Austria invades France in 1792
 Mob takes Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
prisoner
 Mobs killed priests and nobles in
September Massacres
 New government formed as king is
deposed and constitution thrown out
 Declared a Republic and men were given
the right to vote (no women)
Revolution Brings War & Terror
 Jacobin
radicals control the National
Assembly and try the king for treason
 1-21-1793 king executed by guillotine
 French upset Austria and Prussia, but
Britain, Spain and Holland join fight.
 Draft instituted including women
 Robespierre gains power and tries to
eliminate past and Sundays
Revolution Brings War & Terror
 Reign
of Terror for 1 year has over 40,000
tried and executed the same day
 Robespierre was then tried and executed
ending the terror
 Directory consisting of 5 men and 2
legislative bodies then governed France
with Napoleon commanding the army
Napoleon Forges an Empire
 5’
3” and a military genius
 1795-1799 Napoleon goes from officer to
leader of France
 1795 Napoleon saved delegates and was
sent to lead army against Austria where
he did well
 Lost in Egypt, but kept it from the papers
in France
Napoleon Forges an Empire
 Coup
d’etat – 1799 – sudden seizure of
power
 Peace is established in 1802 and 1800
constitution gives Napoleon power
 Plebiscite – vote of the people
 Strengthened central government and
improved the economy
 Set up schools (lycees) and reduced
corruption
Napoleon Forges an Empire
 Recognized
church but kept it out of
government affairs
 Napoleonic Code – uniform set of laws
that were good except for limiting
freedoms and restoring slavery
 12-2-1804 crowned himself emperor
Napoleon Forges an Empire
 Wanted
to build an empire, but got out of
the Americas and sold LA purchase for
$15 million
 Controlled Netherlands, parts of Italy and
Switzerland and was looking for more
 Britain, Russia, Austria and Sweden join
against France
 Crushed opposition (page 666)
 Only opposition left was British navy
Napoleon Forges an Empire
 Horatio
Nelson wins Battle of Trafalgar off
Spanish coast
 Win ensures Britain as naval power for next
100 years and forces Napoleon to find
another way to beat Britain
 Napoleon controlled through threats,
force or puppets most of Europe
 Empire was large and unstable.
 Lasted from 1807 to 1812
Napoleon’s Empire Collapses
 Napoleon
divorces Josephine and marries
an Austrian (Marie Louise) to have a son
Napoleon II so he has an heir
 Napoleon’s desire for power was
ultimately his downfall
 Continental System attempts to destroy
trade and commerce in Britain with a
blockade which was not tight enough
Napoleon’s Empire Collapses
 British
respond with blockade of their own
that angers Americans and starts the War
of 1812
 Napoleon in an attempt to take Portugal
through Spain ends up angering the
Spanish and fighting guerillas for 6 years
 British back guerillas and French lose
300,000 men in peninsular War
Napoleon’s Empire Collapses
 1812
Napoleon invades Russia with over
420,000 troops
 Russians respond with scorched earth
policy as they retreated to Moscow which
was destroyed by the Russians
 10,000 soldiers were left to fight at the end
Napoleon’s Empire Collapses
 Britain,
Russia, Prussia and Sweden join
and attack an inexperienced French
army
 Napoleon surrenders and is exiled to Elba
 New king struggles, Napoleon escapes
and is defeated in Waterloo, Belgium on
6-8-1818
 Napoleon sent to St. Helena in S. Atlantic
where he dies in 1821
The Congress of Vienna
 The
Congress of Vienna meets to establish
peace and stability in Europe
 Von Metternich of Austria led
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Contain France – Netherland and Germany
formed
Balance of Power in Europe
Legitimacy – restore royal families to power
to stabilize politics and laws
 Peace
and stability lasted 40 years
The Congress of Vienna
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Governments become more conservative
Russia, Prussia and Austria – absolute
monarchs
Britain and France – constitutional monarchies
Holy Alliance – relations based on Christian
principles to combat revolution
Concert of Europe – countries of Europe
would help each other put down revolutions
Many still wanted freedom and liberty
The Congress of Vienna
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Spanish American colonies and Mexicans
fight and maintain independence
Brazil declares independence from Portugal
Congress of Vienna impacts world for 100
years
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Nationalism spreads leading to later revolutions
More and more people see democracy as best
way for equality and justice
The Congress of Vienna