Transcript French Revolution

V. Age of Revolution
I. Renaissance
II. Reformation
III. Scientific Revolution
IV. Enlightenment
V. Age of Revolution
VI. Industrial Revolution
VII. Penetration of Africa and India
VIII. World Wars
IX. Cold War
X. Modern World
Change Over Time
• Explain the development and change in
the current of thought in the Western
World from 1450-1800.
• Have intro with ORIGINAL THESIS!!!
Compare and contrast how revolutions in one country
incited revolutions elsewhere.
Choose three countries:
– France
– Haiti
– Brazil
– Mexico
– Spanish South America
Causes of American
Revolution
1) Enlightenment philosophy
2) Frustrations over Mercantile
policies of England
3) Taxation without Representation
Colonial America
• 17th century: Britain colonizes east
coast of N. America
• 1756-1763: French-Indian War/7
Years War
Problems:
1) cost of war
2) cost of administering colonies
3) war with Native Americans
• Britain passes series of tax and
mercantile laws
“No taxation without
representation”
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Proclamation Act of 1763:
colonists could not travel west
past Appalachian Mountains
Sugar and Currency Acts of
1764
Stamp Act of 1765
Townsend Duties in 1767
Tea Act of 1773
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Boston Massacre:1770
Boston Tea Party: 1772
Intolerable Acts
Thomas Paine
Thomas Jefferson,
Declaration of Independence
American Revolution
• Paul
Revere/Minutemen/Lexin
gton
• Guerilla tactics
• Second Continental
Congress: organized
army with G. Washington
• 1777: Saratoga; France
commits ships, soldiers,
weapons, and money
• 1781:Yorktown
• 1783: Independence
recognized
• Articles of Confederation
• 1787: Constitutional
Convention in
Philadelphia
• 1791: Bill of Rights
Notes
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British Empire in America
Most colonies had British governors
appointed by King
Each American colony had a
representative assembly
British Parliament passed laws for the
colonies
Navigation Acts in 1600s passed to
protect GB trade
Sugar Act of 1764
 increased cost of foreign molasses and
endangered colonial exports
 lower New England profitable trade with
French and Spanish Caribbean sugar
colonies
Currency Act of 1764
 Outlawed colonial practice of issuing
paper money
 This caused restricted trade and limited
money supply
 This lead to widespread anger
 Which caused organized boycotts of
British goods
Stamp Act of 1765
Imposed a direct tax to be paid on all legal
documents, newspapers, pamphlets, and
nearly all other types of printed material
Notes
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1765: NY protest
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Women organized boycott
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Sons of Liberty: held public meetings, intimidated royal officials, and enforced the boycotts
violent protest
+ trade boycott
= repeal of the Stamp Act in 1766
Colonial Power play Great Britain:
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Created new taxes and duties, gave more power to colonial governors, and sent British troops to quell
urban riots
New England:
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New boycotts
-cut British imports by 2/3
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Destroyed property
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Bullied or attacked royal officials (tar and feather)
Great Britain:
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Dissolved the colonial legislature of Massachusetts
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Dispatched a warship and 2 regiments of soldiers on British streets
Boston Tea Pary
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March 5, 1770: British troops fired into an angry British crowd and killed 5 people
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This massacre of innocent Americans radicalized public opinion
More taxes
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Again, GB repealed some taxes and duties
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Yet, granted British East India Company a monopoly a monopoly for importing tea to the colonies
Boston Tea Party
1772 Protesters disguised as Amerindians dumped 10,000 of tea into the harbor
Intolerable Acts
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Closed Boston harbor
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Required colonists to house British soldiers
British response to the Tea Party
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Appoint military man, Thomas Gage as governor of Massachusetts who closed the port of Boston:
Articles of Confederation
Basic Ideals and Structures of the
Articles of Confederation
Weaknesses of the Articles of
Confederation
Loose Association of States
States quarreled over such things as
boundary lines and trade. The
government had no power to end
such disputes.
Limited central government powers
Congress would not regulate trade
and could not issue an official
currency
One vote per state in Congress
Vote of 9 out of 13 states needed for
important measures. Change
required unanimous vote of states
No taxation powers for Congress
Congress could not collect taxes to
pay the nation’s debts or for
necessary programs
No national executive branch
No national executive to enforce laws
No national judicial branches
No national courts to interpret laws or
to judge those who broke them
Bill of Rights
Amendment I [Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, Petition (1791)]
Amendment II [Right to Bear Arms (1791)]
Amendment III [Quartering of Troops (1791)]
Amendment IV [Search and Seizure (1791)]
Amendment V [Grand Jury, Double Jeopardy,
Self-Incrimination, Due Process (1791)]
Amendment VI [Criminal Prosecutions - Jury Trial,
Right to Confront and to Counsel (1791)]
Amendment VII [Common Law Suits - Jury Trial (1791)]
Amendment VIII [Excess Bail or Fines,
Cruel and Unusual Punishment (1791)]
Amendment IX [Non-Enumerated Rights (1791)]
Amendment X [Rights Reserved to States (1791)]
11-27
Amendment XI [Suits Against a State (1795)]
Amendment XII [Election of President and Vice-President (1804)]
Amendment XIII [Abolition of Slavery (1865)]
Amendment XIV [Privileges and Immunities,
Due Process, Equal Protection, Apportionment of Representatives,
Civil War Disqualification and Debt (1868)]
Amendment XV [Rights Not to Be Denied on Account of Race (1870)]
Amendment XVI [Income Tax (1913)]
Amendment XVII [Election of Senators (1913)
Amendment XVIII [Prohibition (1919)]
Amendment XIX [Women's Right to Vote (1920)
Amendment XX [Presidential Term and Succession (1933)]
Amendment XXI [Repeal of Prohibition (1933)]
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Amendment XXII [Two Term
Limit on President (1951)]
Amendment XXIII [Presidential
Vote in D.C. (1961)]
Amendment XXIV [Poll Tax
(1964)]
Amendment XXV [Presidential
Succession (1967)]
Amendment XXVI [Right to Vote
at Age 18 (1971)]
Amendment XXVII [Compensation
of Members of Congress (1992)]
The French Revolution
French Society
First Estate
Clergy
•Clergy
•130,000
•Owned 10% of land
•Gained wealth trough tithes and ecclesiastical fees
Second Estate
Nobles
•high administrative, judicial, military, and church positions
•Important participants in wholesale trade, banking , manufacturing,
and mining
Third Estate
95% of population
•Everyone else: wealthy financier – homeless beggar.
•Bourgeoisie (boor-swah-ZEE): middle class
•Gained wealth from commerce and manufacturing.
•Owned 1/3 of the nations land
•80% of French population were peasants.
•Artisans and other skilled workers, small shopkeepers and
peddlers, and small land owners held a more privileged position in
society.
Problems before Revolution
1)
War Debt
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War of the Austrian Succession
7 years war
American Revolution
Droughts in French harvests
Poor become poorer (1760: 25,000
prostitutes; 40,000 orphans yearly)
Extravagant court of King Louis XV
Revolution begins
• Louis XVI calls Estates General (all 3 estates)
• June 17, 1789: 3rd estate forms National
Assembly
• Tennis Court Oath
• July 14, 1789: peasants storm the Bastille
• “Great Fear”
• NA: abolish feudal and estate system
• August 1789: “The Declaration of the Rights
of Man”
• October 1789: March to Versailles
Declaration of the Rights of Man
and of the Citizen
• Inspired be Declaration of Independence (17??)
• Manifested enlightenment ideas (Locke,
Montesquieu, Rousseau, Jefferson)
• Popular sovereignty and Representative
government
• Equality, Fraternity, Liberty
• Freedom of speech, press, and religion
• Equal protection before the law
• Did not grant equal rights to women
Starving Women Gone Wild
• Poor French harvest; 1/3
unemployment in Paris; high
cost of bread.
• Parisian market women
organized thousands of
people to march 12 miles to
Versailles
• Demanded action from NA
• Arrived and demanded bread;
“Let them eat cake.”
• Took bread and flour; forced
royal family to go to Paris;
aristocrats heads on pikes
Pg. 570” “Hell hath no fury like a woman scorned.”
1791: New Constitution (#1)
• Kept Monarchy, but created unicameral
legislation – Legislative Assembly
• Seized church lands; priests to take loyalty oaths
>>> counterrevolutionary movements
• Neither side content
• Austria and Prussia invade France; patriotic
French army prevails by end of 1792
• King and queen fail in escape to Austria;
treason?
• August 1792: LA imprisons king; call for
National Convention by popular election
National Convention:
New Constitution (#2)
• National Convention
becomes ruling body
• Monarchy abolished;
France declared a
Republic
• 1793: NC convicts Louis
XVI of treason; Guillotine
Committee of Public Safety
(New Constitution #3)
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Foreign threat (Austria, Prussia,
Great Britain, and Spain) and
internal chaos
Committee of Public Safety
Jacobins
French victory at Valmy saves
Paris and Revolution
sans-culottes
Maximillian Robespierre
1793-94: “Reign of Terror”: 40,000
under guillotine; 30,000 jailed
Radical, or just plain silly, ideas
If you live by the guillotine…1794
guillotine splits Robespierre and
CPS
The Directory (New Constitution
#4)
• 1795: Directory: 5 man
executive government
• Protected land ownership
• Weakened power of
masses
• Weak domestic policy
• Age of “republic” dead
• Strong military
• Napoleon Bonaparte
general by age 24
Napoleon (New Constitution #5)
• 1799: Napoleon returns to
France and overthrows
Directory
• Popular authoritarianism
• Declares himself First Consul
with new Constitution
• France dominated Europe
• 1804: declares himself
Emperor
Napoleon’s Europe
Domestic policy
• reforms in agriculture,
infrastructure, public education
• Normalized relations with Church
• Restored tolerance and stability
• Napoleonic Codes (1804):
recognized equality of French
citizens (male); protected property
rights; instituted some
enlightenment ideas and human
rights; rule of law
• WOMEN DENIED POLITICAL
RIGHTS
• Civil liberties limited
Foreign policy
• Conquered Austria, Prussia, Spain,
Portugal, kingdoms of Italy
• Dissolved HRE into confederacy of
German states
1810: empire at peak
• Conflicts with GB
• Nationalistic uprisings
1812: attacked Russia
• Mistake
• Army decimated
1814: Napoleon forced into exile on Elba
• Monarchy restored
• Napoleon returns from exile
The Congress of Vienna
• Prince von Metternich of
Austria
• Alexander I of Russia
• Duke of Wellington of Britain
• 1815: decrees balance of
power among existing powers
• France cut to pre-Napoleonic
borders; no indemnities
• New kingdoms in Poland and
Netherlands
• Reinstate absolute monarchs
in France, Spain, Holland,
Italian city-states
• Restore royal order and erase
ideals of French Revolution
and Napoleon
Ebb and Flow of Chaos
• Return of conservative monarchies
• Still movements for democracies and national self-determination
• 1821: Greek against Ottoman control (1830: recognized with RS,
FR GB help)
• 1830: King Charles X abdicates French throne; enfranchisement
extended
• Revolutions of 1848: Second French Republic: voting rights for
men, slavery abolished, end of death penalty, and 10-hour workday;
elected Louis Napoleon (nephew) who becomes dictator and
Emperor Napoleon III until 1871.
• Other revolutions: Vienna, Rome, and Berlin; all failed in the end
notes
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Fiscal Crisis
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Poor were growing rapidly
Led many to crime and beggary
Streets swarmed with beggars &
prostitutes
- 25,000 prostitutes in 1760
- 40,000 children abandoned
yearly by parents
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Periodic outburst of violent protest
because of increase of fees and dues
and lack of:
- descent housing
- steady employment
- food
Tax Raising Problems
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Estates General in order to raise taxes
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1788-1789 Three Estates come together.
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3rd Estate wanted delegates to have individual votes.
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Third Estate breaks away from the Estates General and
becomes known as National Assembly.
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National Assembly took Tennis Court Oath
“Great Fear”
• Wave of violence that spread throughout
France after fall of the Bastille
• Fearful Nobles of the National Assembly
passed reforms to destroy feudalism:
-abolition of feudal dues and tithes
-tax the nobility
-open the government, army and
church office to all male citizens
• National Assembly also passed the
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of
the Citizen
End of Old Order
• August 4, 1789, nobles in NA vote to end
feudalism in France (no more dues)
• Nobles began to pay tax
• All male citizens could hold government,
army or church office
• Estate system over
Notes
National Convention
• August 1792, radicals kill imprisoned
nobles and clergy in the “September
Massacre”
• Radicals take over the Assembly and
calls for National Convention to create
new constitution
• French victory at Valmy saves Paris and
Revolition
• NC convicts Louis XVI of conspiracy
Left, Moderate, Right
• Jacobins: middle class members of the
National Convention who were extreme
radicals; The Mountain
• Girondists: members of the NC who
wanted to protect the middle class
moderates
• Conservatives: wanted to keep things as
they were
• Reactionaries: wanted to return things to
how they use to be
Sans-culottes
• Ordinary citizens for whom the revolution
was being fought
• Wore pants
• Saw themselves as heroes and heroines
of the revolution
• Supported by the Jacobins
Reign of Terror July 1793-1794
• Jacobins set out to crush opposition in
France during a period called the “Reign
of Terror”
• Maximilien Robespierre
• Swift trials an harsh punishments (many
false statements)
• 40,000 people killed from Marie
Antoinette to commoners (85%)
• 30,000 imprisioned
• Guillotine
Notes
The Directory
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Robespierre sends other Jacobin leaders to the
Guillotine
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Robespierre, in turn, sent to the Guillotine
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The Directory is formed
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New constitution: only those who owned property
could vote
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Executive council of 5 members
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1975-99 used army to put down protests
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Absolutely inept – people wanted new government
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1799, Napoleon stages coup d’etat against the
Directory in Paris
New constitution with 3 consuls for executive
branch
1802, named himself consul for life
1804, named himself Emperor of France
Napoleon rewrote the French law with The Civil
Code 1804 (Napoleonic Code)
Napoleonic Code
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Equality of citizen before the law
Religious toleration
Advancement based on merit
Protection of property
Placed the rights of the state above the rights
of the individual (Restricted rights of free
speech and press through censorship)
Discrimination worsened against women
Napoleon’s System Depended on French Arms and
Diplomacy
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Defeated Austria, Italy, and Prussia
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Napoleon failed to defeat Britain in 1805 at Battle
of Trafalgar
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By 1812:
-Napoleon is king of Italy
-brother Joseph is king of Spain
-brother Louis is king of Holland
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Nationalism emerges in countries that are paying
taxes and sending soldiers to France
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Also, in 1812: 600,000 soldiers to Russia: Two
Fronts
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Russia “scorched earth”, then Russian winter with
no shelter
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France retreats, Russia attacks, 400,000 of French
army die
Notes
Napoleon’s Next Objective, Russia
Napoleon’s Downfall
• June 1812, the campaign
starts with 600,000 men
• Inconclusive battle at
Borodino
• Napoleon press on
Moscow
• Russians set city on fire &
brutal winter destroyed
army (30,00 men return)
• Austria and Prussia ally
with Great Britain and
Russia
• April 1814, he is exiled to
Elba island
• French Monarchy is
restored
• 1815 - Napoleon escapes
for Elba
• Goes back to France
• After 100 days in Power he
is defeated in Waterloo in
Belgium
• Final exile on St. Helena,
South Atlantic where he
died 1821
Haitian Revolution
I. Hispaniola with brutal slave regimes: Saint Domingue (1/2 French) and Santo
Domingo (1/2 Spanish)
II. French Revolution
A. 1789: Estates General called
1. wealthy white planters
2. gens de coleur
3. Colonial authority weakened
B. 1791: Reaction on the island
1. warfare between free whites and blacks
2. Slave rebellions from North of island spreads
III. War for Independence
A. Toussaint L’Ouverture
B. 1794: French National Convention abolishes slavery
C. 1798: Defeat of British and freed slaves in Santo Domingo
D. 1802: Defeat troops of Napoleon
1. women fighting
2. Toussaint L’Ouverture died in French jail
E. free Republic of Haiti (2nd independent nation in Western hemisphere)
Patriots v. Loyalists (Royalists)
Independence of Brazil
1807: Napoleon invades Portugal
1808: Royal family of Portugal flees to Brazil
1821: King John VI returns to Portugal; son
Pedro stays and joins side for
independence
1822: Pedro declares Brazil independent;
Constitutional monarchy with Emperor
Pedro
1889: Monarchy overthrown by republicans
Spanish South America
1808: Napoleon invades Spain; places brother
Joseph Bonaparte on throne
-Junta Central: Spanish patriots fighting against
Napoleon; claim power over Spanish colonies
1808-1809: Local juntas in Spanish colonies
overthrow colonial officials in Venezuela,
Mexico, and Bolivia
-Draconian repression by Spanish officials
galvanizes sense of independence from Spain
1810: new independent revolutions
“Politics make strange bedfellows”
Creoles from Caracas
(Venezuela)
• Revolutionary junta of
large landowners
1. popular sovereignty
2. representative
democracy
3.retain slavery
• Opposed full citizenship
of blacks and mix-ed race
majority
Defense of the Spanish Empire
 Loyalists in colonial
administration
 Church hierarchy
 Free blacks
 Slaves
Spanish South American Independence
Simon Bolivar (1783-1830)
1813-1817: balanced war
between patriots and
loyalists
1820: Patriots take control
• Bolivar’s army controls
Venezuela, Columbia,
Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia
By 1824: last Spanish armies
defeated
Mexico
I. Mexico
A. Spain’s richest and most populous colony
B. Class conflict: Spanish, creole, native
II. War for Independence
A. Central Mexico: wealthy ranchers and farmers force Amerindians from native land
B. Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
1. Parish priest from Dolores
2. Rang church bells and delivered fiery speeches to rebel against Spanish officials
3. Rural and urban poor united by oppression fought; poor military discipline without weapons
4. 1811: wealthy Mexicans captured and executed Hidalgo; another parish priest, Jose
Morelos, takes up mission
C. Colonel Augustin de Iturbide
1. Forms alliance with insurgesnts and some loyalists
2. 1821: declares Mexico’s independence
3. Conservative origin: monarchical government: Iturbide crowned emperor
D. Mexican republic
-army overthrows Iturbide; republic established