Transcript File - History Class

Absolute Monarchs
What is an Absolute Monarch?
O An absolute ruler has complete control of
their region – They centralize power!
O They believe in divine right
O This means that God created the monarchy
and that the king acts as God’s
representative on Earth.
O Does this increase or decrease their power??
O Absolute rulers exercise complete control of
subjects’ lives
Examples of Absolute Rulers
1. Louis XIV in France
2. Peter the Great in Russia
Louis XIV – “The Sun King”
O King of France (1638-1715)
O Exercised absolute rule in France
O Very extravagant! He loved fancy
things!
O Used divine right in order to keep full
control!
Louis XIV – “The Sun King”
O Louis had a hero in France!
O Cardinal Richelieu
O What did he do that Louis admires??
O Richelieu: created absolute monarchy in
France (remember: he changed the war from
religious to political=absolute monarchy)
O Made it possible for Louis to rule!
Louis XIV - Versailles
O Louis was also a very big fan of the arts
O He built the palace of Versailles outside of Paris
as his home
O It has 1,400 fountains and 5,000 acres of
gardens and lawns
O The fountains couldn’t even all run at the same
time! If the King was out walking in the gardens,
servants would turn them on as he went around
O http://en.chateauversailles.fr/templates/versaill
es/map/MapMain.php
Louis XIV – The Unfair King
O Louis sets up an “Estate”
system
O There are 3 estates in France
1. First Estate: Priests and clergy
2. Second Estate: Rich
landowners
3. Third Estate: EVERYONE else!
O
O
Peasants, middle class, poor!
First and Second Estates don’t
pay taxes! AND they get to live
at Versailles!
O
What will occur now?
Edict of Nantes
O Louis XIV repeals the Edict of Nantes
O What does that mean?
O He takes religious freedom away from the
Huguenots (Protestants)
Peter the Great
Peter the Great
O Country: Russia
O Policy: Westernization
O What does that mean?
PETER THE GREAT
 Historically,
RUSSIA has been isolated and
backwards due to its harsh CLIMATE
PETER the Great desired to make RUSSIA more
like the advanced countries in ENGLAND
,
FRANCE, and NETHERLANS (DUTCH).
PETER the Great visited western EUROPE and
even forced
RUSSIA men to shave off their
BEARDS just like men in ENGLAND did.
Ultimately, RUSSIA remained poor and backwards.
Introduces
potato
Started Russia’s
first newspaper
All men must
shave their beards
Peter the Great
Nobles must
wear western
clothes
Schools for arts and
sciences started
Built
St. Petersburg
for trade
COLD
CLIMATE
RURAL
(few cities)
Why has Russia
historically been
backwards?
90% uneducated
peasants
(very poor)
English Civil War
&
The Glorious
Revolution
WHII.6c
What is POLITICAL
DEMOCRACY?
O Principle that government derives power from the consent of
the governed
O Government get power from the PEOPLE
O Who would approve of this idea?
Foundations of English
rights
O Jury Trial
O Magna Carta (limited the King’s power)
O Common Law (law developed by judges)
The English Civil War and the
Glorious Revolution prompted
further development of the rights
of Englishmen.
This led to the creation of the
English Bill of Rights of 1689.
Development of the Rights of
Englishmen
Do you Know?
1. Charles I
The Reign of Charles I
1.
Son of James I
2.
Did not like to be told what to do—dissolved
many rights and laws Parliament passed
3.
Took power away from Parliament
•
4.
How did this make them feel?
1st king to face public trial and public execution
Development of the Rights of
Englishmen
Do you Know?
1. Charles I
2. English Civil War
The English Civil War
1.
2.
1642-1649—supporters of Charles I against
opponents of Charles I
•
Those loyal to Charles I=Royalists/Cavaliers
•
Puritan supporters of
Parliament=Roundheads
The war is basically the Parliament vs. King
Development of the Rights of
Englishmen
Do you Know?
1. Charles I
2. English Civil War
3. Oliver Cromwell
The Reign of Oliver Cromwell
1.
General of the Puritan Army (Roundheads)
2.
Helped Puritans win (began defeating Cavaliers)
3.
Captured Charles I and held him as prisoner
4.
1649—Tried Charles I for treason against Parliament and his head
was chopped off!
5.
Became military dictator—seized Ireland (Northern Ireland is still part
of the United Kingdom)
6.
He established a commonwealth—a republican form of government
7.
Favored religious toleration for all Christians except Catholics
8.
Government he established collapsed soon after his death
Interesting fact:
Under Cromwell’s
rule Christmas was
abolished!
Development of the Rights of
Englishmen
Do you Know?
1. Charles I
2. English Civil War
3. Oliver Cromwell
4. Charles II
The Reign of Charles II
1.
King after Cromwell
2.
Restored the monarchy in England—This is
known as The Restoration
3.
Habeas Corpus Act passed by parliament during
his reign (
4.
Had no rightful heir (legitimate child) to the
English throne except James II (his brother) who
was Catholic
Why is this a problem!?!?
Development of the Rights of
Englishmen
Do you Know?
1. Charles I
2. English Civil War
3. Oliver Cromwell
4. Charles II
5. James II
The Reign of James II
1.
Political Parties formed when Charles II died and
James II took the throne
•
Whigs opposed James
•
Tories supported James
•
Whigs and Tories are the ancestors of first
political parties in England
2.
Displayed Catholicism
3.
Appointed several Catholics to high office
Development of the Rights of
Englishmen
Do you Know?
6. William and Mary
Do you Know Answers
1.
Mary daughter of James II
•
2.
Protestant, unlike her dad!
Mary was married to William of Orange
•
3.
He was the Prince of Netherlands (Dutch)
Invited by England’s Parliament to overthrow James II
•
In order to restore Protestantism
4.
William led an army to London, England to fight James II
for the throne
5.
James fled to France without any fighting
Development of the Rights of
Englishmen
Do you Know?
6. William and Mary
7. Glorious Revolution
THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION
1.
Bloodless overthrow of James II
2.
England was returned to Protestantism!! (AGAIN!)
3.
Parliamentary power (legislative) increased
power (monarchy) decreased
and royal
•
William and Mary recognized Parliament as a partner
in governing
•
England became a CONSTITUTIONAL Monarchy
instead of an ABSOLUTE Monarchy
Development of the Rights of
Englishmen
Do you Know?
6. William and Mary
7. Glorious Revolution
8. English Bill of Rights 1689
English Bill of Rights 1689
1.
Goal was to make clear limits on the ruler’s
(king’s/queen’s) power
2.
Rulers could NOT:
•
Suspend any of Parliament’s laws
•
Levy taxes without a specific grant from Parliament
•
Interfere with freedom of speech in Parliament
•
Penalize a citizen who petitions the king about
grievances
RECAP
The English Civil War was a conflict between Parliament
supporters (Roundheads) and Royalist supporters (Cavaliers).
This war led to the execution of King Charles I. A guy named
Oliver Cromwell led the Roundheads and took over after Charles I.
After Cromwell dies he has no heirs so Charles II (son of Charles I)
restored the monarchy! Charles II later dies and also has NO
HEIR! So, his brother, James II takes over. James II is Catholic and
has supporters called Tories and opponents called Whigs.
Parliament hates James II and asks his daughter Mary (a
protestant) and her husband, William of Orange, to come to
England and take over. They agree and James II runs away to
France (GLORIOUS)! William & Mary then put the English Bill of
Rights into place and limited powers of the kings/queens of
England!
The French Revolution
WHII.6e
The Revolution
Begins!!
O Time- 1700s: France was considered the most advanced
country in Europe
O Large population
O Prosperous foreign trade
O Center of Enlightenment
O Culture praised and imitated by the world
O King Louiz XVI
O Absolute Monarchy
Problems in
France!!
O Appearance of all the wonderful things in France
was deceiving…
Problems
O Bad harvest
O High priced goods
O High taxes (for Third Estate)
O Disturbing questions raised by Locke, Rousseau,
and Voltaire during the Enlightenment
O Ideas of success from the American Revolution
O
Social Class in
France’s social class is divided into
three different groups, called
France
ESTATES
Top 2 Estates
O First Estate—Priests/Clergy
O Second Estate—Rich
Nobles/Landowners
O Privileges of both estates
O Power, prestige
O Did NOT pay taxes (exempt)
O Could hold government jobs/be appointed
to high offices
O Under Louis XIV could live at Versailles
Social Class in France
O Third Estate (divided into three separate
groups)
O 97% of France’s population
O Bourgeoisie—Middle Class
O Bankers, factory owners, merchants, professionals
O Made GOOD money, but had to pay taxes and had no
privileges
O Workers
O Trades people, apprentices, laborers, servants
O Earned low wages and frequently unemployed
O Peasants
O 80% of France’s population
O Peasants paid HALF their income in dues to nobles,
tithes to the Church, and taxes to the king
Population and Land
Ownership in France,
1789
France’s Weak Leader (not
in notes)
O Louis XVI (16) and Marie Antoinette
O Reigned in France during the 1770s and
1780s
O During this time:
O France sank deeper into debt
O Borrowed heavily to help with
the American Revolution
O Doubled France’s debt to where
bankers refused to lend the
government any more money
Causes of the French Revolution
1) Resentment of the lower classes’ (place in life)
2) Enlightenment views about power and authority in
government
1) Quoting Rousseau and Voltaire, the Third Estate began to
demand equality, liberty, and democracy
3) Success of the American Revolution
1) The French had HELPED America WIN!!!!
4) Decline in the economy
1) Heavy taxes make profit impossible
5) A weak leader
1) Louis XVI (chose himself before others—very selfish)
France’s Weak
Leader (not in
notes)
O Louis XVI was not strong enough to battle such large
problems
O Paid little attention to his advisors and had little patience for
the details of governing
O Allowed Marie Antoinette to interfere and offer poor advice
O She was unpopular as an Austrian (France’s enemy)
O She spent so much money on gowns, jewels, gambling, and gifts
she was known as “Madame Deficit”
The National
Assembly
O The 3rd Estate decided to separate themselves from the 1st
and 2nd
O Formed The National Assembly, as part of the Estates
General, to pass laws and reforms to the government
themselves
O Louis XVI and the 1st and 2nd estates DID NOT like this!!
O Became the first action of the French Revolution
The Tennis Court Oath
O Three days after the Estates General began and the
National Assembly was formed the 3rd Estate was
locked out of the meeting room at Versailles!
O So…they broke into an indoor tennis court on the
grounds of Versailles
O Members pledged to stay until a new constitution
was established
O Tennis Court Oath
O Second action of the French Revolution
O Louis reacts by placing his army around the
grounds of Versailles
Rumors Fly
O People thought Louis XVI was going to use military force to
dismiss the National Assembly
O Others thought the troops were going to massacre the French
citizens in Paris
Storming of the Bastille
O People began to gather weapons
to defend the city
O Where would they get
weapons…..they have no money?
O On July 14, 1789 a mob searching
for gunpowder and arms stormed
the Bastille
Storming of the Bastille
O Bastille was a Paris Prison
O Great symbolic act of revolution
O Hacked the commander and guards to
death and paraded their heads on sticks
around Paris
The National Assembly
Reforms France
O On August 4, 1789 many nobleman joined the National
Assembly and made grand speeches about liberty and
equality
O They did this more out of fear than by actual idealism
O NO more feudal privileges to the First and Second Estates
Declaration of the Rights of Man
O Revolutionary ideas
O Adopted by the National Assembly
O Men are born FREE and are EQUAL in rights
O Guaranteed citizens EQUAL justice, freedom of SPEECH, and
freedom of RELIGION
O What does this sound like?
So, what happened to Louis XVI and
his family? Escape
O After the National Assembly reformed the government Louis
XVI tried to flee France with his family!!
O Was found and returned to Paris under guard (put in prison)
O This action fueled government radicals and sealed Louis’ fate
New Government
O The National Assembly created a new constitution and
government
O LIMITED Monarchy
O Louis was dismissed from the throne and had NO MORE
absolute power
O New LEGISLATIVE body—Legislative Assembly
O Had power to create laws and to approve or reject declarations
of war
O King still had the power to enforce laws
The ideas of the
Enlightenment and French
participation in the
American Revolution
influenced the French
people to view their
government in new ways.
They overthrew the absolute
monarchy and established a
The Reign of Terror
WHII.6e
National
Convention
O With added fear of rebels loyal to the king, the National
Assembly set aside the Constitution and created a new
governing body known as the National Convention
O It abolished the monarchy and made France a Republic
The Jacobins
O Radical political organization
O Many of the members were involved with the drastic
changes in the French government
O Made Louis XVI a prisoner and tried him for treason
O Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette both were sentenced to death
O The Guillotine
Maximilien Robespierre
O People were REALLY upset with King Louis XIV’s execution
and the government control of the church
O Rival groups to the Jacobins were starting to rebel
O Jacobin leader, Maximilien Robespierre, gained power in
France
O Wanted to wipe out France’s past
O Even changed the calendar
O Did away with Sunday because viewed religion old-fashioned
The Reign of Terror
O Robespierre governed France as a dictator
O Robespierre’s reign became known as The Reign of
Terror
O Robespierre and his people worked to eliminate any
threats
O tried people in the morning and guillotined in the afternoon
O Rivals of Robespierre…many who had led the Revolution!
O Almost 40,000 people were killed
O One boy was killed for cutting a tree that was planted as
a symbol of liberty
The End of Terror
O The National Convention finally had enough with
Robespierre
O He was executed in 1794
O National Convention established third government
since absolute monarchy
O Power was placed in the hands of the upper middle class
(Bourgeoisie)
O Two house legislature and an executive body of five men
O Even though the government was corrupt, it gave the country order
O Employed a good general to command the armies
O Napoleon Bonaparte
Outcomes
O National Convention established third government
since absolute monarchy
O Power was placed in the hands of the upper middle class
(Bourgeoisie)
O Two house legislature and an executive body of five men
O Even though the government was corrupt, it gave the country order
O Employed a good general to command the armies
O Napoleon Bonaparte
Causes and Effects
O Causes of the French Revolution
O French people were influenced by Enlightenment ideas
O French people were influenced by the success of the
American Revolution
O Effects of the French Revolution
O End of the absolute monarchy of Louis XVI
O Rise of Napoleon
First Estate
made up of clergy of
Roman Catholic Church
• scorned Enlightenment ideas
Second Estate
• made up of rich nobles
• held highest offices in government
• disagreed about Enlightenment ideas
Third Estate
• included bourgeoisie, urban
lower class, and peasant farmers
• had no power to influence
government
• embraced Enlightenment ideas
• resented the wealthy First and
Second Estates.
The French Revolution Begins!
1789
DO YOU KNOW?
1. Government (King)
2. Class System
3. Causes for Revolution
4. Revolt begins!
5. New Government
BACK
1. Absolute monarchy---Louis XVI (16th)
2. Estate System (1st, 2nd=no taxes)
3. Taxes high and unfair, Enlightenment ideas,
American Revolution
4. Storming of Bastille (July 14, 1789) “Bastille Day”
5. National Assembly
Rise of Napoleon
WHII.6e
Napoleon Bonaparte
O Napoleon Bonaparte is recognized as one of
the world’s greatest military geniuses along
with Alexander the Great of Macedonia,
Hannibal of Carthage, and Julius Caesar of
Rome
O In just four years, 1795-1799, Napoleon
rose from a position as a military officer in
the French army to become master of
France
Napoleon Becomes Popular
O Napoleon had great success as a general and won
the hearts of the many French men and women
O Helped defend the Directory (government)
O Won a series of remarkable victories for France
O By 1799, the government lost control of the political
situation and the confidence of the French people
O People urged Napoleon to take over the government
O Napoleon and his forces quickly eliminated the
Directory and assumed the powers of a dictator
O Coup d’etat – “Blow to the State”
Nationalism Spreads
O What is Nationalism?
O Strong feeling of pride in and devotion to
one’s country
O Napoleon’s success made people feel
PROUD to be from France
O Revolution and war gave the French people
a strong sense of national identity
War in France
O During Napoleon’s coup, France was still at
war with Britain, Austria, and Russia
O Napoleon was able to sign peace agreements
with all three countries
O By 1802, France was at peace for the first
time in 10 years
O Napoleon was ready to focus on restoring
order to France
Another New Government
O Napoleon tried at first to appear to have
been a constitutionally chosen leader of the
free republic
O In 1800, a plebiscite (vote of the people), was
held to approve a new constitution
O The people voted for the new constitution and
gave Napoleon all real power as the first
consul
Restoring Order
O Napoleon kept many changes that occurred during the
Revolution
O Supported laws that would strengthen the central
government
O Supported laws that would achieve some goals of the
Revolution
O 1st Thing= The Economy
O Napoleon set up an efficient method of tax collection and
established a national banking system
O End to Corrupt Government
O Napoleon took steps to end corruption and inefficiency in
government
O Dismissed corrupt officials
O Set up government-run public schools
Separation of Church and
State
O Napoleon signed the concordat
(agreement) that established a
new relationship between the
church and state
O Government recognized the
influence of the church, but
rejected Church control in national
affairs
Napoleon
The Napoleonic Code
O His greatest achievement?
O According to him
O Comprehensive set of laws
O Eliminated many injustices
O In reality:
O The code limited liberty and promoted order and authority over
individual rights
O Restored slavery in the French colonies in the Caribbean
Napoleon the Emperor
O On December 2, 1804, Napoleon, with
the support of the French people,
crowned himself emperor
O When Napoleon placed the crown on his
head instead of the Pope, he signaled
he was more powerful than the Church
O Napoleon, however, will not just be ruler
of France, but plans to be Emperor of
Europe
Napoleon plans to EXPAND
O In addition to a European Empire, Napoleon also
wanted to reassert French control in the Americas
O He was UNSUCCESSFUL!!
O Napoleon then focused on his European Empire
O He had already annexed the Austrian Netherlands, parts
of Italy, and set up a puppet government in Switzerland
O England, fearful of Napoleon’s plan, banded together
with Russia, Austria, and Sweden to fight France
Napoleon:
Military
Leader
O Napoleon met the challenge and acted with a skilled
boldness
O In brilliant battles he crushed the opposition
O Rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia were forced to sign
peace treaties with France
O Only Britain was left standing in his way
***These successes enabled Napoleon to build the largest
European empire since that of the Romans!!!!***
The
Battle
of
Trafalgar
O In his drive for a European Empire, Napoleon lost only one
major battle – The Battle of Trafalgar
O 1805
O Effects of the Battle of Trafalgar
O It ensured the supremacy of the British navy for the next 100
years
O Forced Napoleon to give up his plans of invading Britain
The
French
Empire
O Napoleon was a brilliant military general on land, but his
extravagant efforts to crush Britain would lead to his own
undoing
O 1812: The only areas of Europe free from Napoleon’s
control were Britain, Portugal, Sweden, and the Ottoman
Empire
O He was puppet master to Russia, Prussia, Austria, Spain, and
many German territories
Napoleons Empire Collapses
O Napoleon was only able to maintain control for five years
O 1807-1812
O He will make costly mistakes that will cause his empire to fall
to pieces
Napoleons Mistakes
O Power led Napoleon to great heights, but his love of power
will also led to his demise
O In an effort to extend the French Empire and crush Great
Britain, Napoleon made three costly mistakes…
Napoleons Mistakes
1. The Continental System
O Naval blockade to prevent trade and communication between Europe
and Britain
O FAILED
2. The Peninsular War
O In trying to force Portugal to accept the Continental System Spain
rebelled and fought against the French for six years.
O Napoleon could not defeat the Spanish guerrillas!!
3. The Invasion of Russia
O 1812 Napoleon invaded Russia (BIG mistake!!!)
O Invaded with 420,000 soldiers
O Left with 10,000 soldiers
Napoleons Downfall
O The main powers of Europe were quick to take advantage of
France’s weakened army
O Britain, Russia, Prussia, Sweden, and Austria declared war on
France
O Napoleon raised a weak and ill-trained army to fight these
European powers, but in 1814 the Frederick William III of
Prussia and Czar Alexander I marched into the French
capital of Paris
Exile
O Napoleon surrendered his throne and
was exiled to a small island called Elba
O Napoleon, however, is not done yet…
O Louis XVI’s brother assumed the
French throne and became known as
Louis XVIII
O The people of France believed he was
going to try to undo the advances of the
French Revolution
O Napoleon took this as his chance to
reclaim his throne
O Napoleon escaped from Elba landed in
France on March 1, 1815
Second Exile
O French people welcomed Napoleon
back
O Once again Emperor of France
O The European allies responded by
raising their armies
O The British army prepared to fight
Napoleon’s forces at a village called
Waterloo
O Battle of Waterloo
O British and Prussian forces crushed
Napoleon
O Europeans sent Napoleon away again
O He lived on the island of St. Helena
for six years and died of a stomach
ailment
The Legacy of Napoleon
O What was the legacy of Napoleon?
O Unsuccessful attempt to unify Europe under French domination
O Napoleonic Code
O Awakened feelings of national pride
O Growth of nationalism
O How did Great Britain combat Napoleon’s naval blockade?
O Why did Napoleon have trouble fighting the enemy forces in
the Peninsular War?
O Why was Napoleon’s delay of the retreat from Moscow such a
great blunder?
A Changing Europe
O Napoleon’s defeat opened the door for the freed
European countries to establish a new order
O European heads of government were looking for
long-lasting peace and stability
O They had a goal to create a new European order an order of collective security and stability for the
entire continent
O A series of meetings in Vienna, known as the
Congress of Vienna, was set up to achieve this
goal
Legacy of the Congress of
Vienna
O “Balance of power” doctrine
O Wanted to make sure no one person/nation
had that much power again
O New political philosophies (liberalism,
conservatism)
O What?
O New political map of Europe
O Redrew political borders to make sure there
was a balance
Napoleon Conquered MOST of
Europe!!
Congress of Vienna?
O What was the overall goal of the Congress of
Vienna?
Napoleon’s Legacy was T.N.T.
ried to UNIFY ALL of EUROPE--- FAILED
apoleonic Code of Laws--- made ALL
equal and spread laws ALL over empire
he growth of nationalism in
countries he conquered–
especially Prussia and Italy
The Impact of the
American and French
Revolutions in Latin
America
SOL 7
The Student will develop knowledge of the political and philosophical
developments in Europe during the 19th Century
Including :
Contribution of Toussaint L’Overture and Simon Bolivar
The impact of the Monroe Doctrine
Influence of the American and
French Revolutions
O The slave Rebellion in Haiti
O In France, the majority of the Estates General
made radical changes in French laws, and on 26
August 1789, published the Declaration of the
Rights of Man, declaring all men free and equal.
O The French Revolution shaped the course of the
conflict in Saint-Domingue and was at first widely
welcomed in the island
O However, the Haitian Revolution quickly became a
test of the ideology of the French Revolution, as it
radicalized the slavery question and forced French
leaders to recognize the full meaning of their
revolution.
The Slave Rebellion of 1791 in
Haiti
O on the night of 21 August 1791, when the slaves of
Saint Domingue rose in revolt and plunged the colony
into civil war.
O Within the next ten days, slaves had taken control of the
entire Northern Province in an unprecedented slave revolt.
O The slaves sought revenge on their masters through
"pillage, rape, torture, mutilation, and death
O Within weeks, the number of slaves who joined the revolt
reached some 100,000.
O Within two months, as the violence escalated, the slaves
killed 4,000 whites and burned or destroyed 180 sugar
plantations and hundreds of coffee and indigo
plantations.
The Slave Rebellion in Haiti
O By 1792, slaves controlled a third of the island and their success caused the newly
elected Legislative Assembly in France to realize it was facing an ominous situation.
O To protect France's economic interests, the Assembly needed to grant civil and
political rights to free men of color in the In March 1792 and the Legislative Assembly
did just that
O
Countries throughout Europe as well as the United States were shocked by the decision.
O When France declared war on Great Britain in 1793. The white planters in Saint
Domingue made agreements with Great Britain to declare British sovereignty over the
islands
O To prevent England and Spain from taking over the French leadership in Haiti freed all
the slaves on Haiti.
O The decision to free the slaves was confirmed and extended by the National
Convention under the leadership of Maximilien Robespierre; abolished slavery by law
in France and all its colonies and granted civil and political rights to all black men in
the colonies.
O The emancipation of slaves was viewed as an example of liberty for other countries.
Toussaint L’Overture
O
Began his military career as a leader of the 1791 slave
rebellion in the French colony of Saint Domingue.
O
He gradually established control over the whole island,
expelled British invaders and used political and military
tactics to gain dominance over his rivals. Throughout
his years in power, he worked to improve the economy
and security of Saint Domingue.
O
He defeated the French, British, and Spanish armies sent to capture Haiti
O
He restored the plantation system using free labor,
negotiated trade treaties with Britain and the United
States and maintained a large and well-disciplined
army.[3]
O
In 1801 he issued constitution for the colony, with
himself as governor for life.
O
In 1802 he was forced to resign by forces sent by
Napoleon Bonaparte to restore French authority in the
colony. He was deported to France, where he died in
1803.
O
The Haitian Revolution continued under his lieutenant,
Jean-Jacques Dessalines, who declared independence
in 1804.[3]
Independence for Mexico
O The Mexican War of Independence (1810–
1821) was an armed conflict between the
people of Mexico and the Spanish colonial
authorities which started on September 16,
1810.
O The movement, was led by Mexican-born
Spaniards, Mestizos and Amerindians who
sought independence from Spain.
Leader of the Mexican
Independence Movement
O Father Miguel Hidalgo y
Costilla, was a Mexican priest
and member of a group of
educated Creoles who meet in
salons and decided in 1810
that a revolt against the
colonial government was
needed because of the events
of the Europe under Napoleon
during the Peninsular War.
O He is considered the father of
his country. "
South American Independence
Movements
O
O
O
O
O
A Series of revolutions that took place during the late 18th and early
19th centuries and resulted in the creation of a number of independent
countries in Latin America.
These revolutions followed the American and French Revolutions, which
had profound effects on the Spanish, Portuguese and French colonies
in the Americas.
The main cause for the rise of Independence movements in Latin
America was Napoleon Bonaparte’s use of his armies to Europe, o
invade and occupying many countries, including Spain and Portugal in
1808.
The Peninsular War, which resulted from this occupation, caused
Spanish Creoles in Spanish America to question their allegiance to
Spain, creating independence movements that culminated in bloody
wars of independence, which lasted almost two decades.
At the same time, the Portuguese monarchy relocated to Brazil during
Portugal's French occupation. After the royal court returned to Lisbon,
the prince regent, Pedro, remained in Brazil and in 1822 successfully
declared himself emperor of a newly independent Brazil.
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Simon Bolivar
Simón Bolívar, was a native born Venezuelan
military and political leader
Together with José de San Martín, he played a
key role in Hispanic-Spanish America's
successful struggle for independence from the
Spanish Empire, and is today considered one of
the most influential politicians in Latin
American history.
Following the triumph over the Spanish
Monarchy, Bolívar participated in the
foundation of the first union of independent
nations in Hispanic-America, a republic, which
was named Colombia, of which he was
president from 1819 to 1830.
Bolívar remains regarded in Hispanic-America
as a hero, visionary, revolutionary, and liberator.
During his lifetime, he led Colombia, Venezuela,
Ecuador, and Bolivia to independence, and
helped lay the foundations for democratic
ideology in much of Latin America.
Bolivar ultimately liberated all the Northern
areas of South America
Venezuela’s Independence
O Venezuela declared its independence from Spain on July
5, 1811, beginning its wars against the country.
O Bolívar's forces invaded Venezuela from New Granada in
1813, waging a campaign with a ferocity captured
perfectly by their motto of "war to the death". Bolívar's
forces defeated the Spanish army in a series of battles,
taking Caracas, the capital, on August 6, 1813.
O In 1819 Bolívar returned to Venezuela in April 1821,
leading a large army of 7,000. At Carabobo on June 24,
his forces decisively defeated Spanish and colonial
forces, winning Venezuelan independence, although
hostilities continued.
Columbia’s Independence
O In June and July 1819 Bolívar's forces
crossed the Andes from the Venezuela into
New Granada. At the Battle of Boyacá on
August 7, his army of 3,000 defeated a
Spanish and colonial force of 2,500.
O On August 10, 1820, Bolívar's forces took
Bogotá. Upon his return to Venezuela, he
became the first president of the Gran
Colombia.
America’s policy on the New
Independent counties of Latin
America
The Monroe Doctrine is a policy of the United States introduced
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on December 2, 1823.
O It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize
land or interfere with states in North or South America would
be viewed as acts of aggression requiring U.S. intervention.
O [1] The Doctrine noted that the United States would neither
interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the
internal concerns of European countries.
O The Doctrine was issued at a time when nearly all Latin
American colonies of Spain and Portugal had achieved
independence from the Spanish Empire
“We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the United States and those powers to declare that we
should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety.
With the existing colonies or dependencies of any European power we have not interfered and shall not interfere. But with the Governments
who have declared their independence and maintained it, and whose independence we have, on great consideration and on just principles,
acknowledged, we could not view any interposition for the purpose of oppressing them, or controlling in any other manner their destiny, by
any European power in any other light than as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States.”
Latin American Summary
O Colonial System- A system in which areas in foreign lands
are colonized to benefit the mother country.
O Impact of French Revolution
O People became aware that independence was possible.
• Toussaint- Haitian Revolution
• Bolivar- South American Revolution (Columbia, Venezuela, etc.)
• Monroe Doctrine- U.S. policy that gives U.S. military support to
any country in the western hemisphere against any European
Country.