Transcript Causes of and events of World War I… approx. 1880 – 1918 (Paper

Causes of and events of World War I… approx. 1880
– 1918 (Paper 2 Topic 1; Paper 3 Topic 6)
By William Souraphath and Tarek
Kaplan
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1904
France and Spain split Morocco between them; Germany challenges France over the rights to imperialize Morocco
1906
First Dreadnought is created
Algeciras Conference in Spain after the First Moroccan Crisis
France kept Morocco, but Morocco was to be kept open for trade w/other countries
1908
German Naval Laws planned to build 2 dreadnoughts per year for 3 years, including submarines
1911
Agadir Conference after the Second Moroccan Crisis
In the second Moroccan Crisis: The Moroccans rebelled against the imperialists; Germany sent troops w/out permission to
Morocco, claiming to be protecting German missionaries
In the Agadir Conference, everyone that attended supported France (including Austria)
Germany wrote Austria a “blank check”
1912
German Naval Laws proposed to build 33 German battleships and battlecruisers
In response, Britain sent its navy to protect the north coast of France
1914
Germany had greatly increased the size of its military; both Great Britain and Germany had large navies at this point
June 28, 1914
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
July 28, 1914
Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
July 30, 1914
Russia declares a general mobilization to aid Serbia
Germany warns Russia against continued mobilization
August 01, 1914
Treaty of Versailles: Ended World War One; Signed by Lloyd George of England, Orlando of Italy, Clemenceau of France and
Woodrow Wilson from the U.S.
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Germany declares war on Russia
August 02, 1914
Germany invades Luxembourg
August 03, 1914
Germany declares war on France
August 05, 1914
Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia
August 10, 1914
France declares war on Austria-Hungary
August 14, 1914
Battle of the Western Frontiers begins
August 23, 1914
Japan declares war on Germany
January 18, 1915
Japan gave China “Twenty-One Demands”
March 31, 1916
Battle of the Jutland: (German navy vs. British Royal Navy) results in a tie
1916
Battle of The Somme: Over 50,000 British troops were lost on the first day of the battle; the battle lasted 5 months, at which
point the joint French-British attack was called off.
February 1917
“Zimmermann” Telegram affair (Britain intercepted a German telegram to Mexico, which attempted to get Mexico to act
militarily against the U.S.
April 6, 1917
U.S. declares war on Germany in response to German U boats sinking U.S. ships
December 1917
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: Signed by Russia and Germany; Russia surrendered Poland, the Ukraine, and other regions.
August 1918
Battle of Amiens (Also known as the “Hundred Days Offensive”): Was an immediate success met with little resistance; Allies
advanced through the Amiens Line
November 9, 1918
Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates
November 11, 1918
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Battle of the Jutland: The Battle of Jutland was a naval battle between the Royal Navy and the Imperial German
Navy, fought in 1916 in the North Sea near Jutland, Denmark. It was the largest naval battle of World War I, but
resulted as an inconclusive battle. The British suffered heavier casualties, but the Germans could not afford to
sink the number of ships necessary to defeat the Royal Navy. This reaffirmed Britain’s command of the seas. As
a result of the battle, the British were able to continue blockading German ports. Eventually, the Germans
wouldn’t have enough supplies to continue running the war and would surrender.
Battle of the Somme: The Battle of the Somme started July 1st, 1916 and lasted until November 1916. Douglas
Haig led the joint French-British forces, and by the end of the battle, the British had suffered over 400,000
casualties, and the French suffered over 200,000 casualties while the Germans suffered ~500,000 casualties.
Most of the British forces that fought were “green” and had little or no experience in battle. The purpose of the
attack was to divert and heavily injure German forces from Verdun and thus relieve the French forces stationed
there. The battle started with an artillery bombardment of the German lines which lasted for a week. However,
the Germans had dug deep trenches, protecting them from the bombardment.
First Dreadnought Created: Dreadnoughts were revolutionary battleships which were armed with the latest
heavy weapons along with steam turbines, making them quick as well as powerful. The first Dreadnought was
created by Great Britain, and as a result, world powers began building up their navies. Germany had the second
largest number of Dreadnoughts by 1914, second to the British. This military build-up was essentially an arms
race, leading to increased tensions which would explode in World War I.
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand: Franz Ferdinand was assassinated while visiting Sarajevo. The
Serbians were unhappy about being a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and because of that, many groups
arose that opposed the Austro-Hungarians, such as the Black Hand. The Black Hand was a Serbian terrorist
group which assassinated the Archduke, leading to Austro-Hungary declaring war on Serbia. Russia, which
backed Serbia, decided to mobilize despite German protests, leading to German mobilization and then
Japanese mobilization. Franz Ferdinand’s assassination was a ‘domino effect’ on mobilization of armies, and led
to the start of the First World War.
Zimmermann Telegram: The Zimmermann Telegram was a proposal from Germany to Mexico to have Mexico
fight against the United States, promising them land in return. The telegram was intercepted and decoded by
British intelligence and sent to the United States. This, combined with German U-boat attacks on U.S. merchant
ships, resulted in the U.S. declaring war on Germany on April 6th, 1917.
Why were there so many civil wars in the twentieth century?
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Thesis: there were so many wars in the thirteenth century because of the struggle of power between two or more political
groups in a certain country and the influence from one country to another causing all of them to have civil wars and revolutions
Three groups: social, Economical and political
Social:
People where not treated fairly and (distribution of power) and were not paid enough (Spanish)
The origins of the Russian Revolution arose from the incompatibility between the medieval authority of the tsar and the
modern realities of a slowly industrializing nation.
The Chinese revolution began by a revolt led by Sun Yat-sen's Guomindang (Young China) overthrew China's Manchu dynasty
These all were in the twentieth century and once a countries people saw that a government could be overthrown, then
everyone wanted to do it
Economical:
Russia was out of money because of reparations that had to be paid back to certain countries so its industry had fallen back a
lot
The value of the peseta declined which damaged trade and tourism. With prices rising workers demanded higher wages. This
situation led to a series of strikes in Spain.
In China Poverty affected several things such as agriculture, land, and food. Poverty, which greatly hit China during the early
1900's, lead people to thinking Communism was right choice of government.
All these government issues and money problems led to countries people thinking that they needed a government who could
give them what they need.
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Political:
The Chinese government was being overthrown which made no particular group in charge of china. This caused chaos.
The Spanish government was at war causing it to use a lot of money which increased the prices of certain goods. This led to
poor people getting angry.
The Russian government had no members to fight so released their prisoners (Bolsheviks) and armed them to fight opposing
forces. This caused the downfall of the government.
All in all the governments were all unstable.
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Conclusion: I think that the reason all these countries were having civil wars was because they were all influenced by each other
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