Transcript Review Session #3 - History by Mills

UNIT V
Ch. 20 & 21
Before the French Revolution….
The Changing lives of the people
-Family
*nuclear family: couples began raising their families
away from their parents
*avg. age 27
-needed to support themselves
-needed permission from local lord
*Work away from home: boys worked on farms or
were apprenticed to a craftsman to learn a trade (714 yrs long); girls worked on family farms or as
servants (usually exploited)
Marriage Practices from 1750-1850
• Illegitimacy explosion
– Between 10%-20% births were illegitimate
• Why?
– Cottage industry  not tied to land
– Migration to cities (closer living quarters)
• Children and Education
– Infant mortality rate high (1 out of 5)
– Too many children led to infanticide or abandonment
at foundling homes (usually at churches)
– Few kids went to school
• Usually between the ages 7-12
• Stressed religion and morals
Food and Medical Care
• Nutrition
– Main food was bread
– Poor did not eat meat
– hunting was illegal except for nobles and large
landowners
• Medical Practices
– Rise in medical practitioners because of
Enlightenment’s focus on law of nature
– Faith healers believed patients were possessed by
demons (countryside)
– Apothecaries (pharmacists) dispensed herbs and
drugs (cities)
– Hospitals were unsanitary
– **noteworthy: 1760 smallpox inoculation
Religion and Popular Culture
• Protestant revival
– Wanted to recapture Christian religion (Pietism)
• More emotional religion and priesthood for all believers
• Catholicism
– Took on a new look: many religious ceremonies were
mixed with pagan rituals
• Leisure time
– CarnivalBattle Between Carnival and
Lent, Pietercockfighting,
Brugel
– Blood sports—bullbaiting,
etc.
The French Revolution
1789
Causes of the French Revolution
• Fundamental causes:
– 1) Widespread Poverty
• Hit Third Estate hardest
– 2) Enlightenment Thinkers
• Taught the importance of freedom
• Examples: Locke, Rousseau, Voltaire
– 3) Success of the American Revolution
• American colonists proved they could defeat a
“corrupt” government
– Gave the French hope
• 1775-1783
The 3 Estates of France
(The Old Regime)
Estate =
Class
Clergy (Priests)
1st Estate
2nd
Estate
Rich Nobles/Lords
(Owned Land)
3rd Estate
•Peasants
•Servants
•Bourgeoisie(Educated, often wealthy
merchants or artists)
The 3rd Estate paid almost all of the taxes in France!
98%
of the French
Population
– 4) Discontent of the Third Estate
• Made up 98% of the population
• Burdened by heavy taxes
– 5) King Louis XVI and his wife, Marie
Antoinette
• Could not solve France’s problems (resulting from
years of poor leadership—i.e. King Louis XIV)
• Provided more weak leadership
• Inherited a huge national debt I’m with Madame Deficit
(this one is Marie….)

– Even though Marie Antoinette was known as “Madame
Deficit,” they had little power over controlling the economy
• Immediate Causes
– Estates-General
• The King and Queen refused to use the nation’s
money wisely, they began taxing the 2nd estate. 2nd
estate called on the representative body of all 3
estates (Estates General).
• The Third Estate asked for reforms
–
–
–
–
Fair taxes
Freedom of Speech and Press (Enlightenment ideas)
Gov’t leave business alone (laissez-faire)
For a written constitution securing basic rights
• The third estate was written out by other
two
So they….
-declared themselves to be the National
Assembly for France on June 17, 1789
-Took the Oath of the TENNIS COURT on
June 20, 1789 swearing to create a
constitution
-Led a revolt when Louis XVI refused to
sign their constitution
The Tennis Court Oath
“The National Assembly, considering that it has been
summoned to establish the constitution of the kingdom, to
effect the regeneration of public order, and to maintain the
true principles of monarchy; that nothing can prevent it from
continuing its deliberations in whatever place it may be
forced to establish itself; and, finally, that wheresoever its
members are assembled, there is the National Assembly.
Decrees that all members of this Assembly shall
immediately take a solemn oath not to separate, and to
reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the
constitution of the kingdom is established and consolidated
upon firm foundations; and that, the said oath taken, all
members and each one of them individually shall ratify this
steadfast resolution by signature.”
Bastille Day, July 14, 1789
• Mobs attacked this
Paris prison trying to
get gunpowder in
order to defend Paris
from Louis’ troops
• The Bastille fell into
the control of the
French people
– National holiday for
France (their “4th of
July”)
The Great Fear
• Characterized by revolts along the
countryside
– Peasants revolted against their lords
• Killed many, destroyed land/manor houses, etc.
• Wanted to free themselves from manorial rule
– Spurred on rebellious fervor in France
– Led to the abolishment of serfdom in France
and the end of feudal payments made by
peasants
Declaration of the Rights of Man,
August 27, 1789
• Proclaimed mankind’s natural rights
– “life, property, security, and resistance to
oppression”
– “every man is presumed innocent until proven
guilty”
Sound familiar?
-MAIN GOAL: To limit the monarchy’s power
and put the power in the hands of the people
**Difficult balance to find**
Women March on Versailles
Oct. 5, 1789
• Women responsible for food in a family
• The start of the Revolution forced many nobles
out of France
– No one to sell their luxury goods to
– The church was no longer able to give grants of food
and money to poor
• Economic crisis
• 7,000+ women marched 12 miles to Versailles
from Paris seeking help
– Sought out Marie Antoinette
– Killed royal bodyguards
– Forced the king and queen out of Versailles and into
Paris
– Huge victory for the women of France
The Legislative Assembly
• September 1791 new constitution
completed
– Louis reluctantly approves
• Places power into a new assembly—The
Legislative Assembly
Factions Split France
• Old problems (debt, food shortages, etc.)
still existed
• As a result, the Legislative Assembly split
into three groups
Radicals
Moderates
(Sans-culottes)
Opposed the king and
the idea of a monarchy;
wanted sweeping
changes and wanted
common people to have
governmental power
Left
Conservatives
(Emigres)
Wanted some changes in
gov’t, but not as many as
the radicals
Upheld the idea of a
limited monarchy; wanted
few gov’t changes
Center
Right
War with Austria
• Monarchies in other countries feared what
was occurring in France (deposition of the
king, etc.)
• As a result of their fear, Austria and
Prussia pressured France to reinstate
Louis XVI to the throne
– The National Assembly responded by
declaring war on Austria in April 1791
• By summer of 1792 enemy armies were nearing
Paris
The king and queen imprisoned
• The Prussian commander threatened to
destroy Paris if the revolutionaries harmed
any member of the royal family
– In response, 20,000 Parisians invaded the
royal palace where the king and his family
were staying, brutally killed the king’s guard of
900, and took the royal family captive
The Execution of Louis XVI
Why?
• Summer 1792- Mobs have more power than the French
government.
• Jacobins= Radical group that wanted to remove the King
and establish a republic
– Prominent radical leader: Jean Paul Marat
• Louis XVI was considered an enemy of the revolution
• Sept. 21, 1792: National Convention abolished the
monarchy and declared France a republic
– *women not given the right to vote, just men
– Louis was diminished to a common citizen and prisoner, tried for
treason, and found guilty
• Executed on Jan. 21, 1793 by the guillotine
The Reign of Terror
July 1793- July 1794
• Jacobins faced many oppositions
– Peasants horrified by the king’s execution,
priests who would not accept the new gov’t,
rival leaders in other areas of France, etc.
• How to deal with this situation?
– Committee of Public Safety 1793
•
•
•
•
Headed by Maximilien Robespierre
Decided who was to be executed and who wasn’t
Begins the Reign of Terror
Choice method for execution….
Execution of Marie Antoinette
• During the Reign of Terror, hundreds were
executed daily
• Most famous execution was that of the
widowed queen, Marie Antoinette
End of the Reign of Terror
• Execution of Robespierre
– His closest advisors began to feel threatened
– Death came by guillotine on July 28, 1794
Napoleon Forges an Empire
• Napoleon comes to power: Coup d’etat (sudden
seizure of power)
– French gov’t: The Directory (established after the
Reign of Terror)
– By 1799, the Directory had lost the confidence of the
people
• Napoleon, a war hero, was urged to take over power
– Step 1: given control of the army (Nov. 1799)
– Step 2: his troops drive out members of the national assembly
– Step 3: the remaining members vote to dissolve the Directory
and put 3 consuls in its place
» Napoleon named first consul
The

Directory
Napoleon Rules France
• 1800: plebiscite (vote of the people) held to
approve the new constitution
– Gave Napoleon real power as first consul
• Lycees established: government-run public
schools
• Concordat (agreement) with Pope Pius VII
working out new relations between the Church
and state
– Gained Napoleon the support of the organized church
as well as the majority of the French people
Napoleonic Code
• Comprehensive system of laws
– Gave the country a uniform system of laws,
yet limited liberty and promoted authority over
individual rights
– Took away some rights to sell their property
– Freedom of speech and of the press were
restricted rather than expanded
– Also restored slavery in the French colonies
that had been abolished previously
Napoleon Crowned as Emperor
1804
• French voters supported him in his
decision to be emperor
– December 2, Notre Dame Cathedral
– Arrogantly took the crown out of the pope’s
hands and placed it on his own head
• He wanted to control not only France, but
the rest of Europe as well
Conquering Europe
• Annexed the Austrian Netherlands and
parts of Italy and set up a puppet gov’t in
Switzerland
• Fearful of his ambitions, Britain persuaded
Russia, Austria and Sweden to join in a
third coalition against France
– Third Coalition
• Napoleon crushed his opposition in a series of
battles
– Strategic
– Eventually the rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia all
signed peace treaties with Napoleon
» Britain laid just outside his grasp
The Battle of Trafalgar
• In his battle against the Third Coalition,
Napoleon only lost one battle
– Naval
– The battle took place off the coast of Spain
– British commander, Horatio Nelson,
outmaneuvered Napoleon’s fleet
• Nelson died during the battle, but it proved that
Britain could not be defeated by Napoleon’s forces
Napoleon’s Empire Collapse
• 3 costly mistakes
– 1) Continental System
• blockade: forcible closing of ports
• Continental System
– Prevented trade and communication between Great Britain and other
European nations
– 2) Peninsular War 1808-1813
• Portugal ignored the continental system
• Sent his army through Spain
– Spanish revolted; Napoleon lost 300,000 men
» Placed Joseph II (his brother) on the throne
– 3) Invasion of Russia 1812
• French/Russian alliance broke down
• Napoleon invaded Russia
• As the Russians retreated, they burned everything behind them,
leaving nothing for the French to use for supplies
– Scorched-earth policy
• Napoleon’s troops were caught in a Russian winter
– Lost at the Battle of Borodino; hundreds of thousands died
Napoleon’s Downfall
• Coalition defeats Napoleon
– Took advantage of his weak position
– All of the main powers were against him
• The Battle of Leipzig, Oct. 1813
• Gave up his throne in April of 1814
– Exiled to Elba, a tiny island off the Italian coast
» Bourbon king, Louis XVIII, brother of Louis XVI, ruled
in France (unpopular)
Napoleon’s Return
• Napoleon’s return:
– Escaped from Elba in March 1815
– Thousands of French people welcomed him
back
– Within days, Napoleon was emperor again
• Louis XVIII flees to the border
Battle of Waterloo, Belgium
June 15, 1815
• In response, European allies fought back
– British army, led by the Duke of Wellington,
prepared for a battle near the village of
Waterloo
• With help from the Prussian forces, the British
defeated Napoleon for the final time
– Exiled to St. Helena, a remote island in the Southern
Atlantic
» He died in 1821
“He was as great as a man can
be without virtue.”
-Alexis de Tocqueville
UNIT VI
Ch. 22 & 23
The Revolution in Energy and
Industry
• Refers to the increase in machine-made
goods
• Began in England in the 18th century and
quickly spread to North America and the
rest of Europe
Why Britain First?
• 1) Abundance of Natural Resource
– Deposits of coal and iron ore
• 2) Geographical location
– Good harbors and rivers made foreign trade easier
• 3) Abundance of labor
– Unemployment among ag workers led to an urban migration
• 4) Capital
– Wealthy entrepreneurial class had money to set up new
industries
• 5) Markets
– Demand from two large markets benefited manufacturing
industry
• Growing middle class; British colonial population
• 6) Inventions
– Allowed for mass production of goods
– Mainly in the textile industry
The Spread of the Industrial
Revolution
-The rest of Europe was slow to industrialize
because the French Revolution and the
Napoleonic Wars halted trade, interrupted
communication, and caused inflation
-Belgium led the way in adopting Britain’s new
methods of manufacturing goods
*rich deposits of iron and coal
*waterways for transportation
-William Cockerill smuggled secret plans for
building spinning machinery to Belgium in 1799
Germany Industrializes
Lacked countrywide industrialization
-rather pockets of industrialization sprung up
ex: coal-rich Rural Valley of west-central
Germany
-beginning around 1835 Germany began to copy the
British model
-imported English equipment and engineers
-built railroads that linked growing manufacturing cities to
one another
ex: Frankfurt with the Rural Valley
-by the late 1800s Germany had become an industrial and
militaristic giant
-foreshadows future world wars
Expansion throughout Europe
-proceeded by region rather than by country
-Examples:
-Bohemia developed its spinning industry
-Spain’s Catalonia processed cotton
-Northern Italy specialized in silk
-Russia serf labor ran factories
-France industrialized after 1850 when the central
government constructed railroads
-Some nations did not industrialize
-Ex: Spain and Austria-Hungary
Inventions
Spinning Jenny
The Cotton Gin: by Eli Whitney
John Kay’s Flying Shuttle
Workers
Coal Miners
THE END!!!!