Transcript The Declaration of Independence

Unit 5
1750-1900
Industrialization and
Globalization
Unit 5 Themes
 1. Nationalism, Revolution and Reform
 2. The Industrial Revolution
 3. Imperialism and Nation-State Building
 4. Global Migration
The French Revolution
http://globerove.com/france/frenchrevolution-timelineinfographic/21869#lightbox/0/
Timeline
Causes of the French Revolution
Inept Ruler? King Louis XVI
French Society
 First Estate: Catholic clergy
 .5% pop.
 Did not pay taxes
 Second Estate: nobility
 1.5% pop.
 Exempt from many taxes
 Third Estate: Rest of
Population
 Bourgeoisie – wealthy middle
class
 Sans-culottes – working class
 Provided bulk of French tax
revenue
Political inequalities for Middle Class
First Estate Second Estate Third Estate
X X X X
1 Vote
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
1 Vote
X X X X
X= Representative
X X X X
1 Vote
Financial Crisis
 During 1780s, 50% of revenue went to pay off debts
 American Revolution
 Lavish lifestyle of the monarchy
 Series of bad harvests 1787 & 1788
 Bread prices went up 50% in 1789
 Need for tax reform
 Louis XVI hoped to raise taxes on the aristocracy
 Aristocracy resisted reforms
 Forced Louis to call the Estates-General for the first time
since 1614
Calling of the Estates-General
May 5, 1789
The National Assembly and
Tennis Court Oath
June 20, 1789
Liberty,
Equality,
Fraternity
Why Revolution?
 Revolutionaries demanded end to the
Ancien Regime “Old Order”
 Absolutism
 Noble & Church feudal privileges
 Slogan of Revolution
 “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” (brotherhood)
Phase I
Moderate/liberal
Goal- create constitutional
monarchy
Marquis de Lafayette
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen 1789
June 20, 1789
Liberty,
Equality,
Fraternity
Declaration of Rights of Man and
the Citizen
a. based on ideas of the Enlightenment and the
Declaration of Independence
Storming of the Bastille
- Members of the 3rd Estate took it over to gain
gunpowder & free political prisoners
-Importance = Symbolized the start of the revolution
-“Bastille Day” = National holiday; July 14
Storming of the Bastille
Great Fear
- France enters “Great Fear” –
general revolts against Old
Feudal Regime; clergy, nobility
March on Versailles
Oct. 5, 1789
28
Women’s March on Versailles
Storming of Versailles
October 1, 1789
-Results
- Royal family forced to come to Paris
- Louis forced to sign new constitution
- France now a constitutional monarchy
Critical Intro:
 Why do you think all of the events
leading up to the “Reign of Terror”
were viewed as “moderate”
considering some of the violent
actions during those events?
Phase II
(1792-1794)
Radical
Goal- a republic; eliminate
monarchists and
counterrevolutionaries
European Nations Attack France
 Nations (Great Britain, Spain,
Arrest of Louis XVI
Austria,
Prussia)
August 10,
1792
take advantage of instability – Attack France
Critical Intro.
Arrest of Louis XVI
August 10, 1792
 Why were all events up to the
Reign of Terror considered
“Moderate”?
Radicals Take Control
Arrest of Louis XVI
August 10, 1792
Execution of Louis XVI
January 21, 1793
Monarchy dead; Republic is born
 Jacobin (radical revolutionaries) Reforms
 Universal adult male suffrage
 Universal military duty
 Abolished slavery
 Fuels Haitian Revolution
 Increased rights of women
 Could not participate in politics
 Attacked Catholicism
 Spirit of nationalism
“Reign of Terror”
1793 - 1794
39
Reign of Terror
 Led by Maximilien
Robespierre
 Find & eliminate
enemies of the state
 Monarchists
 counterrevolutionaries
 As many as 40,000
killed by guillotine
video
“The first maxim of our politics ought to be to lead the people
by means of reason and the enemies of the people by terror.”
British View of Reign of Terror
End of the Terror
Robespierre is killed
French Revolution part 3
French Revolution part 4
French Revolution part 5
July 28, 1794
Phase III
(1794-1815)
Conservative/reactionary
Goal- To end “terror” and
establish Directory
Directory and
Rise of Napoleon
1799 - 1815
44
Rise of Napoleon
 Directory = Ineffective
governing body
following “Terror”
 Failed to solve economic
problems of France
 Napoleon staged a
coup d'état in 1799
 Becomes emperor in
1804
Goals of Napoleon
 increase French nationalism
 control of Europe
 improve education
a. set up technical schools, universities and secondary
schools
 required all citizens to pay taxes
 Establish Central Bank
 improve the legal system
a. simplified the French law code into the
Napoleonic Code
Napoleonic Code, 1804
• Purpose = reform the
French legal code to
reflect the principles
of the French Rev.
• Create 1 law code for
France
• Influenced European
legal codes
Building His Empire
 after defeating Austria and Italy, he convinced Russia to drop out of
the war
a. Also invaded Spain & Portugal
b. Britain was left as the only country opposing Napoleon
 Continental System – ordered all European nations to stop trade
with Britain
Goal = isolate Britain & promote Napoleon’s mastery over Europe
The Continental
System
Napoleon’s Empire
Napoleon’s Empire
Downfall of Napoleon
 1812 – Napoleon invaded Russia with a 600,000 men
 the Russians executed a “scorched-earth” policy = no food or shelter
for French troops
 Napoleon had to withdraw because of the harsh Russian winter
 the Russians attacked them the whole way back
 500,000 died
French severely weakened = Spain, Russia, Prussia, Britain,
Austria and Italy attacked France
 March 14, 1814 – Napoleon was forced to abdicate
the throne and was exiled to Elba
Napoleon’s Failed Invasion of
Russia
Napoleon’s Empire
Left: Napoleon’s Empire by 1812
Above: Napoleon’s Retreat from
Russia
Napoleon on Elba
This should NOT be
a prison
Final Defeat
 Napoleon escapes Elba
 Leads France for 100 days
 Europeans invade France & defeat Napoleon for good at
Waterloo.
 Exiled to St. Helena
Battle of Waterloo
British and Prussians Defeat Napoleon for good
Napoleon’s Downfall
 Could not conquer British navy
 Guerilla movements in Spain and Portugal
 Failed invasion of Russia
 Final defeat at Waterloo
Napoleon Banished to St. Helena
Legacy of Napoleon
 Unsuccessful attempt to unify Europe under
French domination.
 Napoleonic Code – great influence on modern
European legal codes
 Spread of nationalism in Europe
 German and Italian unification
 Greek independence
Legacy of the French Revolution
 Global Independence movements
 Haitian Revolution
 Latin American independence
• Triggered by Napoleon’s invasion of Spain
 Egypt broke away from Ottoman Empire
 Slave Trade and Slavery
 England abolished slave trade in 1807; slavery in 1833
 Brazil—Last to abolish slavery (1888)
 Abolition of serfdom
 Except in Russia