Transcript Napoleon and Romanticism

Napoleon and Romanticism
A. Goins
The Rise of Napoleon
• The Thermidorian Reaction saw the collapse
of the terror and rise of a new constitutional
regime.
• The Directory was being threatened by the
Royalist who were loyal to the Bourbon
monarchy.
• The antimonarchist would not let this happen
and they staged a coup d'état in 1797.
• Napoleon would rise from this coup
Abbe Sieyes
• The Directory was collapsing and Abbe Sieyes
(A Director and writer of What is the Third
Estate) wanted an executive body that was
free of “confidence from below, power from
above.
• In 1799, he was among the instigators of
the coup d'état of 18 Brumaire (9 November),
which brought Napoleon Bonaparte to power.
Goodbye Abbe, Hello Napoleon
• He thought he could get rid of Napoleon
easily, but was wrong.
• The new government established Bonaparte
as the First Consul.
• Napoleon would use the rhetoric of revolution
and nationalism to advance his journey
toward rule…and dictatorship.
The Consulate in France
• The Consulate ended the Revolution in France
• It was thought that all of the efforts in the
Revolution had been realized.
• Hereditary privilege and oppressive feudal
privileges had gone.
• Bonaparte would be there to see them stay
gone and provide protection.
Foreign Enemies
• Bonaparte ruthlessly suppressed opposition.
• He established a highly centralized administration
in which prefects responsible to the government
in Paris managed all departments.
• He employed secret police.
• He executed the Bourbon duke of Enghien for
example, which violated the sovereignty of the
German state and he had top Jacobins killed
claiming a failed assassination attempt on him.
Concordat with the Roman Catholic
Church
• Napoleon concluded a concordat with Pope Pius
VII
• Pius VII had wrote that Christianity was
compatible with the ideals of equality and
democracy so the concordat occurred.
• The state now named bishops and set their
salaries
• The clergy had to swear an oath of loyalty to the
sate called the Organic Articles of 1802 which the
government issued on its own authority without
consulting the Pope.
The Napoleonic Code
• In 1802, Napoleon (as Consul) had a new
Constitution made. It gave him full power.
• The Civil Code of 1804 is also known as the
Napoleonic Code.
• It safeguarded all forms of property and tired
to secure French society against internal
challenged. All the privilege based on birth
that the revolution had overthrown remained
abolished.
Women under the Napoleonic Code
• Women were treated with conservative attitudes
toward labor.
• They couldn’t have workers organization and they
had fewer rights from employers.
• Primogeniture- the right of an eldest son to
inherit most or all of his parents’ property
remained abolished however, but married
women needed their husbands’ consent to
dispose of their own property.
• Essentially, the Napoleonic Code did some good
things, but for women…not really.
1804
• There was a bomb attack that Napoleon claimed
to have almost died in.
• He said that he must be emperor to secure a
dynasty.
• So….another new constitution is made and he is
made Emperor of the French instead of the First
Consul.
• He said he gave himself the power not the
Church, he was to be referred to now as
Napoleon I.
Peace?
• The Peace of Amiens was signed in 1802
between France and England.
• It was a truce that could not last.
• Napoleon sent an army to Haiti to return it to
French rule.
• England thought this meant he had his eyes
on the American colonies.
• England issued an ultimatum, but Bonaparte
ignored it.
The Seas
• Britain declared war on France.
• William Pitt (Prime Minister) created a Third
Coalition.
• Now its France and Spain VS England, Russia,
and Austria.
• October 21, 1805, British admiral Lord Nelson
destroyed the French and Spanish fleets at the
Battle of Trafalgar…
• Britain lost zero ships! But…Nelson died.
“Ha-Ha”
On Land
• Napoleon might have lost his ships, but he still
was winning the ground battles.
• He beat Russian and Austrian forces at
Austerlitaz.
• He essentially took most of Austria after this
battle under the Treaty of Pressburg!
• He got rid of the Holy Roman Empire!
• Example, the Holy Roman Emperor Francis I is
now called Francis I of Austia.
Treaty of Tilsit
• As for Russia, Tsar Alexander I wanted to make
peace.
• Under the Treaty of Tilsit, Prussia lost half its
territory… They would have been gone
completely but Prussia and Russia became
secret allies with Napoleon.
The Continental System
• Now the only threat is really Britain
• He tried to cut off all British trade with Europe
and cripple the British economy.
• The Milan Decree of 1807 went further and
tried to stop even neutral nations to stop
trade with England as well.
• Why didn’t work?
Europe’s Response to the Empire
• Where Napoleon came, the Napoleonic Code
came with him.
• The established churches lost power.
• The Continental System showed that
Napoleon’s rule was intended to make France
rich, rather than Europe as a whole.
German Nationalism and Prussian
Reform
• Nationalistic writers in Germany went through
2 phases
• 1- They emphasized the unique and admirable
qualities of the German culture. For this, they
urged resistance to Napoleon on the basis that
he was not German.
• Many Germans now wanted a united German
state.
Phase 2
• Phase 2- After Tilsit, only Prussia could arouse
such patriotic feelings.
• What happened at Tilsit?
• By 1814, Prussia would rise up an army that
was 270,000 strong.
The Wars of Liberation
• In 1807, the French came to force Portugal to
abandon its traditional alliance with Britain.
• The army stayed in Spain to protect it lines.
• The Spanish didn’t like the Napoleonic Code,
they were Catholic.
• In 1808, he tried to get rid of the Spanish
Bourbons… the peasants actually revolted to
preserve the monarchy.
Guerilla War
• In Spain, Napoleon faced Guerrilla war.
• The British now came to support the Spanish
and Napoleon was eventually defeated.
Austria
• Since their defeat at Austerliz, the Austrians
had been quiet.
• Now after seeing what happened in Spain,
(thinking the French were distracted) they
rose up again.
• But they were destroyed at the Battle of
Wagram.
• The Peace of Schonbrunn deprived the Austria
of more territory and 3.5 million subjects.
Invading Russia
• Napoleon divorced Josephine because she
gave him no children at this time he was
already 46.
• He asked the sister of Tsar Alexander of Russia
for her hand…he was told no… this symbolized
the shakiness of the Franco-Russian alliance.
• Also, Napoleon did not help the Russians take
Constantinople against the Ottoman Empire.
Russia
• Napoleon now annexed Holland and it
violated the Treaty of Tilsit.
• He then married Marie Louise the Austrian.
• In 1810, Russia withdrew from the Continental
System and began to prepare for war.
Russia
• Napoleon amassed an army of more than
600,000 men.
• The Russians only had 160,000.
• So the Russians used a “scorched-earth policy”
They destroyed all food and supplies as they
retreated.
• Napoleon’s food supplies were gone and this hurt
Napoleon’s troops morale.
• The Russian fiasco made many turn on Napoleon.
European Coalition
• Patriotic pressure and national ambition
brought together the last powerful coalition
against Napoleon.
• Russia, Austria, and Prussia…British
money….Spanish troops.
• These combined armies defeated him at
Leipzig in what the Germans called the Battle
of the Nations.
• Napoleon went into exile to the island of Elba.
Castlereagh
• Robert Stewart, Viscount Castleragh, the
British foreign secretary moved in.
• The victories armies now went into France and
a Quadruple Alliance was signed to preserve
the settlement for twenty years to come.
• Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia
Territorial Adjustments
• 1815- Congress of Vienna• Stated that no one European nation could
dominate the continent.
• The French Bourbon monarchy was restored.
• They established kingdom of the Netherlands
which included Belgium and Luxemburg.
• Prussia got new territory along the Rhine River.
• Turn to page 640- last paragraph.
The Hundred Days and the Quadruple
Alliance
• Napoleon came back from Elba on March 1,
1815.
• He promised a liberal constitution and a
peaceful foreign policy.
• The Quadruple Alliance called him an outlaw
and he was defeated at Waterloo.
• These 100 Days made the peace settlements
harsher for France.