Transcript Europe in Modern Times

Europe in Modern Times
Section 1: A New Way of Thinking
Pages 422-429
The Italian Renaissance
Renaissance- or rebirth or renewal interest in art and learning.
• Cities of Genoa, Venice, Naples and Florence
• Italian traders brought back spices and silk from Asia
• Europeans through trade became interested in Asia and the Muslim
world
• Al-Kharizmi introduces Arabic numerals and Algebra
• European scholars took an interest in Ancient Greek and Roman ideas
• Beginning of Humanism-study of history and philosophy
• Humanists believed that people were capable of great things
Renaissance Art
• Focused on humans-Statues and painting were made to be life like
• Renaissance painters used perspective-a technique that allows artists
portray a 3-dimensional space on a flat surface
• Renaissance artists-Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci
• Famous works: the statute “David”, ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, Mona Lisa, “The Last
Supper”
The Mona Lisa at the Louvre Museum
The Northern Renaissance
Northern kingdoms of England, Germany and Flanders(France, Belgium)
• Renaissance Ideas Spread
• Improved ships, faster sea travel between Northern and Southern Europe
• Traders brought new ideas
• Many wealthy Northerners traveled to Italy for their education
• Movable printing press
• Johannes Gutenberg’s invention of the movable printing press made it possible to
produce books faster.
Northern Renaissance Artists and Writers
• Pieter Bruegel-Flemish painter, painted peasants
• Albrecht Durer-German painter who used Italian techniques of realism and
perspective
• William Shakespeare
• English playwright emphasizing Humanism
• Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, Julius Caesar
• Thomas More
• English writer, the book Utopia talks about an ideal society
The Protestant Reformation
• Criticisms of the Church
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Did not uphold the teaching of the Bible
The church became to rich, corrupt and involved in politics
The Inquisition-Church court accusing people of heresy
Critics of the church were executed
• Martin Luther Calls for reform
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A German monk who studied the Bible
Wrote an argument (95 Theses) against the Catholic Church
Called for a Reformation-a religious movement of reform
Non-Catholic or Protestant churches began
The Catholic Reformation
-Changes to keep Catholicism strong
• Response to reformers criticisms
• Only the Catholic church could interpret the Bible
• Church traditions were declared just as important to guide Christians as the
Bible.
• Both faith and good deeds were needed for salvation
The church renews itself
• Ended abuse of protestants
• Catholic mystics-inspiring stories of faith
• Established missionaries-spread Catholic faith-colonies, Asia, Africa and the
Americas
Church of England
• King Henry VIII wanted to end his marriage to Catherine of Aragon
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Needed a male heir (only had one daughter, Mary)
Pope refused to end his marriage
Henry declared that England was no longer under the authority of the pope
Formed the Church of England-headed by King or Queen
Henry went on to have 5 more wives (another daughter and a son)
Daughter Elizabeth became Queen Elizabeth 1, one of the greatest queens in
history.
King Henry VIII
Europe in Modern History
Section 2: Europe Expands
Pages 432-437
The Age of Exploration
• Cartography-the science of map making
Portugal Sets Sail-Inspired by Marco Polo’s book from the 1300s
• Caravels-small, triangular-sailed oceangoing ships
• Henry the navigator paid for voyages to Asia, trained explorers in
navigation
• Dias was the first explorer to sail around the tip of Africa
• 1497, Vasco da Gama reached India-ending Italy’s trade control
An Age of Empires-Spain Conquers the World
• 1492-Columbus makes landfall in the Caribbean
• 1513- Balboa becomes the first to reach the Pacific from the Americas
• Amerigo Vespucci believes the explores have found a “New World”mapmaker coins the name “Americas” for Vespucci.
• Conquistadors are sent by Spain to set up Plantations-large
commercial farms
• Cortes conquers the Aztecs in Mexico and CA, Pizarro the Incan Empire in
Peru
• Seized gold and silver from the Aztecs and Incans make Spain the richest
kingdom in the world.
Establishing Colonies-Gaining land for
kingdoms
• Explorers were searching for a Northwest Passage-route between the
Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
• Hoping to increase trade with Asia and find a faster route by sea.
• Colonies
• England and France in North America
• England set up colonies East on the Atlantic Ocean-Jamestown,
Plymouth
• France interested in fur trade and trading with Native American
tribes
• Dutch control East Indies
• France set up colonies in India
• England founded colonies in Australia-prisoners at first
Plantation Agriculture-Columbian Exchange
• Plantation Agriculture
• Caribbean in southern North America-sugar cane and tobacco
• Native Americans became sick with European diseases could not
work in fields, Europeans used enslaved Africans to work.
• Triangular trade-3 stage pattern of Atlantic trade that carried goods and
enslaved people between Europe, Africa and the Americas.
• Columbian Exchange
• Goods exchanged between the Eastern and Western Hemisphere
• Eastern-Wheat, Coffee, Sugar, Horses, Bananas, Pigs, Rice, Chickens
• Western-Corn, Pumpkins, potatoes, turkeys, beans, cacao, peanuts, tomatoes
The Age of Absolutism
• Kingdoms evolving to nation-states-a region that shares a
government and is independent from other states.
• Monarchs believed god had chosen them to rule (divine right)
• They also believed in Absolutism-a political system of centralized and
unlimited government power.
• Spain-King Phillip-A Catholic used his power to bring back the religion to
Europe
• The Sun King-Louis the XIV of France- “Letat, c’est moi” –I am the state
• Prussia and Austria-Empress Maria Teresa, religious tolerant
Europe in Modern Times
An Age of Revolution
Pages: 438-443
A Scientific Revolution
A series of major advancements in science during the 1500s and 1600s.
• Scientific Changes
• Francis Bacon- scientists should observe and interpret facts.
• Rene Descartes- use logic or reason to form scientific theories
• Isaac Newton-test theories using scientific method
• Scientists Make Discoveries
• 1534-Copernicus argued that the planets orbit the sun, Galileo agrees
• 1633-The church put Galileo on trial for contradicting church teachings
• Newton’s theory of gravity
• Results of Discoveries
• Improved life, agricultural advances-better harvest, more food
• Could measure latitude and longitude
• Experiments with electricity
The Enlightenment-revolution in thinking
A movement during the 1600s and 1700s to apply observation and
reason-Humans are the only animal with the ability to reason.
• Enlightenment philosophers wrote about society and government.
• Thomas Hobbs- Leviathan: If people were greedy and selfish, they needed a
better ruler.
• John Locke- people were born with the right to life, liberty and the pursuit
of happiness
• Charles-Louis Montequieu- government should have separate branches.
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau- government should answer to the people.
• Enlightenment Rulers
• Fredrick II of Prussia- improved education, outlawed torture, promoted
religious tolerance
• Joseph II of Austria-ended “serfdom”-peasants working for nobles
Democratic Revolution-England
Revolution-violent or sudden change
• England in the 1600s
• English Parliament took power from the Monarchy
• 1642- King Charles I was forced to sign the Petition of Rights of Man
• Ended illegal taxation and imprisonment
• Civil war began in 1642
• 1649 Parliament forces executes the king and England becomes a republic
• 1689- English Bill of Rights and Man
• King William and Queen Mary forced to sign
• Limited the power of the monarchy, listed rights of Parliament and English people
• England’s Absolute monarchy(royalty ruling) ends
Democratic Revolution-France
• French society divided into the 1st (clergy-church), 2nd (noble), 3rd
(common people)-paid the most taxes
• Enlightenment inspired people to want a say in the government
• July 14, 1789 mob stormed the Bastille (French prison)
• Beginning of the French Revolution-removing King Louis XVI and forming a
republic-sent to the guillotine
• Reign of Terror-1793-1794 bloody time period where thousands were sent to the
guillotine
• Napoleon Takes Power-rose quickly in French army
• 1799- became dictator
• Napoleonic Wars-conquered most of Europe-became Emperor
• 1815-invades Russia-Napoleon defeated-exiled
• Revolution Spreads-1871 Germany and Italy become countries
The Industrial RevolutionThe shift from hand made tools to machinery powered by fuels
• Began in Britain
• Technology changes Industry
• Before IR, most people were farmers
• Textile industry in England the first to change with new weaving machines in factories
• Transportation changed-using coal and steam to power ships and trains
• Industry changes landscapes
• Factories and apartment buildings built, cities grow become dirty and crowded
• Child labor begins
• Trade grows
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Advances in medicine and research
Sewers-dispose of waste, prevention of disease
Electric power
More jobs, goods made easier-prices drop
Standard of living rose for millions
Europe in Modern Times
Wars and Hardship
Pages: 444-449
The Great War: World War 1 1914-1918
• 1st global conflict
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Nationalism-a total devotion to one’s country
Imperialism-imperial powers competing to extend their territory
Militarism-The building up of military power
Alliances-agreeing to defend one another if attacked
• Triple Alliance-Germany, Austrian-Hungary, Italy
• Triple Entente-France, Great Britain, Russia (Allied Powers during the war)
War Breaks Out
• June 1914-Serbian nationalists kills the Austrian archduke Franz
Ferdinand and his wife Sophie.
• Austria Hungary declares war on Serbia-ally of Russia
• Two Fronts of Europe
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Western Front-Germany battles France and Great Britain
Eastern Front-Germany, Austria-Hungary fights Russia
Trench Warfare
New Weapons-Tanks, machine guns, poisonous gas,
United States enters WW1, Russia Pulls out
• United States remains neutral until 1917-joins the allies, forced
Germany out of France within the year
• Reason 1-Zimmerman Telegram
• Sent by Germany to Mexico
• Promised if Mexico sided with the Germans against the United States, land that was lost
during the Mexican-American war would be returned to Mexico (New Mexico, Parts of
Texas, Arizona)
• Reason 2-Sinking of the Lusitania-cruise liner
• civilian passengers-1200 killed when sunk by German U-boat off coast of England
• Secretly carrying ammunition?
• Russian pulls out of the war 1917
• Russian Revolution-civil to overthrow Czar
Land returned to Mexico mentioned in
Zimmerman telegram
Propaganda Poster
Consequences of War/Allies are victorious
• War ended on November 11, 1918 with the signing of the Treaty of
Versailles-peace treaty
• Germany must accept blame for the war.
• Must give up all territory, limit military, pay billions in war reparations
(damages from the war)
• Many Germans lost their savings and homes
• Austria Hungary was divided into new nations
• Poland was shaped from parts of Germany, Austria-Hungary and
Russia
Can one moment change history?
Who is Henry Tandey?
The Great Depressiona deep, worldwide economic slump that lasted through the 1930s
• Germans lost land, people, resources, many lost their life savings as a result of
the Treaty of Versailles
• Caused political instability in Germany
• Germans desperate, looked for a new person to lead them
• Global financial crisis develops
• Stock market collapses in October 1929
• Banks failed, businesses closed, unemployment rises, people lose their homes
• Europe Suffers Hard Times
• To help farmers, US puts taxes on imported products-Buy American
• Lowered wages in hopes of lowering prices
• Many countries still not recovered from WW1
War of Ideas
• Communism (Russia turned Soviet Union)
• the government controls all businesses and farms
• Promises to share wealth with everyone
• Fascism(Italy and Spain)
• Stress military might and national strength
• Uses propaganda and violence
• Dictator-unlimited power
• Nazis
• Fascist group with extreme nationalism, racism and anti-Semitism(prejudice
against Jews)-blamed for Germany’s economic problems
Rise of Dictators
• Vladimir Lenin-Russia 1917 revolution- replaced by Joseph Stalin
• Benito Mussolini-Italy 1920s
• Adolf Hitler-Germany 1930s-Chancellor 1933
World War II 1939-1945
• Alliances form
• Germany, Italy and Japan-the Axis Powers
• Britain and France-the Allies (U.S., Soviet Union joins later)
• War Begins
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Hitler built up a powerful German army, breaking the Treaty of Versailles
1938-Hitler occupies Austria, seizes a part of Czechoslovakia
Germany and Soviet Union plan in secret a division of Poland
September 1, 1939, Germany invades Poland, in response; France and Great
Britain declare war on Germany
Europe at War-US enters WW2
• By the end 1940, Germany conquers most of Europe, defeats and
occupies France
• Italy attacks north Africa
• German air force repeatedly attacks Great Britain (The Blitz), targets
civilians-Great Britain does not surrender “Keep Calm and Carry On!”
• Unable to defeat GB, Germany turns to east and invades the Soviet
Union
• December 7, 1941-Japanese attack Pearl Harbor-A Day that will live in
infamy! US enters WW2 on December 8th 1941
The Holocaust-The mass murder of Jews by the Nazis
during World War 2
• 1930s-rights of Jews were restricted
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1935-Nuremburg Laws-limited rights of Jews
1938-Crystal Night-destruction of Jewish businesses and synogues
Deportation to Ghettos-slums
1942-The Final Solution-Concentration Camps-extermination
• Auschwitz Camp in Poland eliminates over 1,000, 000 Jews
• Results of the Holocaust
• 6 million Jews murdered, 40% of European Jews
• 5 million other groups-races, disabled
End of and Effects of World War II
• End of World War 2
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1943-US and Great Britain take control of North Africa
June 1944-D-Day-Allies land on beaches of Normandy France
Spring 1945-Allies cross into German territory
May 1945 VE Day-Germany surrenders, Hitler is never found
August 1945-US drops 2 atomic bombs on Japan cities of Hiroshima and
Nagasaki-Japan surrenders
• Effects
• Deadliest conflict in the history of human kind.
• 17 million European soldiers killed, 60 million people in total
• United States and Soviet Union become superpowers
• United Nations is formed-peace keeping organization
Europe in Modern Times
Rebuilding and New Challenges
Pages 452-459
The Cold War-Europe Divided
• The Cold War 1945-1991-A long period of hostility between the
Soviet Union and the democratic west
• The Marshal Plan
• U.S. recovery plan that offered money to European countries to recover from
the war
• The “Iron Curtain” separated the east and west in Europe
• Winston Churchill quote about the separation between East and West
• Soviet Union after WW 2 occupied most of Eastern Europe
• US and other democratic countries wanted to stop the spread of
communism in Europe
Sectors of Germany and Berlin-draw and label
in your composition book
Pictures of the Berlin Wall
The Berlin Wall
• Divided Soviet controlled East Europe from democratic western
Europe.
• Split was where the western Allies met Soviet troops-dividing line at
the center of Germany
• Soviets occupied East Germany, Allies west Germany
• Capital of Berlin, located in East Germany was also divided
• In 1961, to keep people from leaving East Berlin, the Soviet Union built the
Berlin Wall.
Democracy spreads throughout Europe
• Communism falls- reasons
• 1 government makes decisions based on their wishes, not the people
• 2 people had no motivation to work because government limited their pay
• 3 shortage of food and other goods
• 1985-1991, Mikhail Gorbachev becomes new leader of Soviet Union
• Begins the road to democracy in the Soviet Union
• European Union-economic and political partnership to unify Europe-Eurocommon currency
• Germany reunifies
• Berlin wall gates are open in 1989
• 1990, East and West Germany become one country
• Soviet Union Falls
• 1991, Soviet Union breaks apart creating 15 new countries, ending the Cold War