Transcript Unit 3 Hint Game

Review
Hint game
Patriarchal
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Men as hunters
Men as traders and warriors
Men as head of family
Societal Structure
River Valleys
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Yellow
Indus
Nile
Where we find the earliest agricultural
societies
Mesopotamia
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Sumer
Babylonians
In present day Iraq
“between the rivers”
Pastoralism
• Fertile crescent goats
• Typically nomadic
• Horse peoples on the Asian steppe
City-state
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Sumer
Sparta
Maya
Political structure: independent cities that
had their own legal and social structure
Bronze Age
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Minoans
Hittites
Shang
Ancient Egypt
Age that predated the Iron Age
Hammurabi
• Ancient King of the Akkadians
• Law codes based on class
Phoenicians
• Carthage
• Sea People
• Alphabet
Nubians
• Connected Egypt to interior of Africa
• Ruled Egypt in 9th C… the “Black
Pharaohs of Egypt”
• Lived south of Egypt and had key cities
such as Meroe
• People of the bow
Diffusion
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Spread of ideas
Spread of diseases
Spread of… well, everything
Ex: Bantu language and culture spread
from W. Africa to all reaches of subSaharan Africa
Minoans
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Inhabited the Aegean
Bronze Age civ
Flush toilets
Probably ruled over the Mycenaean's from
their capitol of Knossos on Crete
Iron Age
• Assyrians
• First to initiate were the Hittites
• An age that first started with the
Mycenaens
• Democratized metallurgy… but an age
Alexander the Great
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Macedonian
Father was Phillip II
Educated by Aristotle
Conquered Persia, but died and opened the
door for the Maurya Empire (Chandragupta
Maurya may have met him)
• Hellenized Persia
• Started the Greek Hellenistic Age
Hellenism
• Greek colonization of Persia and the
Mediterranean
• Ex: Rome adopts Greek mythology
• Ex: Greek influences in the Middle East
• “Like Greece”
Classical Empires
• Before 600BCE
• Empires with strong militaries and
centralized governments
• All pressured and defeated bypeoples
from the Asian Steppe
• Han, Rome, Maurya and Gupta
Rome
• Kingdom, Republic, Empire
• Italy
• City-state that grows to conquer most of
Western Europe and the Mediterranean
• Split in two
• Defeated by barbarians
Mediterranean Trade
• Network on the Roman Lake
• Carthage and Rome attempt to control it
Punic Wars
• Rome vs Phoenicians…
• Phoenician Carthage, that is
• 2nd one found Romans running from
Hannibal and his elephants
• Third war Rome devastated Carthage
Augustus
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Adopted heir of Julius Caesar
Octavian
First emperor of Rome
More stringent laws and focus on family
values (Pater-familias)
• Ushers in the Pax Romana
Pax Romana
• Ushered in by Augustus
• Roman Peace
• Empire had expanded enough to create
buffer states that provided security for
citizens and merchants
Athens
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Greek city-state
Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
Early democracy
Defeated the Persians at Marathon
Eventually Persians burn this city to the
ground… but then rebuild it.
Marathon
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Persian vs. Greek
Athenian victory
Angers Persia
Darius, then Xerxes forms a Massive army
in an attempt to defeat the Greeks
Maurya Empire
• Founder may have met Alexander
• Power Vacuum left by Alexander may
have led to their rise in India
• Classical Empire in India
• Predates Gupta
Celts
• First peoples to settle Europe
• Settled a land called Gual
• Eventually will make their way North to
Ireland
Dynastic Cycle
• Continuation of norms in China
• From Shang to Zhou to Qin to Han to Sui
to Tang to Song…
• Probably the main reason that the fall of
Western Europe was so much worse on
the region than the fall of the Han in China
• Round and round she goes…
Zhou
• Dynasty constantly at war
• Spring and Autumn period (don’t be
fooled, kingdoms were warring)
• Warring States period (kingdoms banded
together to form states and kept on
fighting)
• Confucius, Laozi, and Legalism, Oh my!
Qin
• United China (of course it all falls apart a
few more times)
• Shi Huangdi (self-proclaimed first emperor
of China)
• Dynasty that followed Zhou
Han
• Strong centralized government
• Bureaucrats placed in high positions
• Strong military to defend their northern
frontiers
• Founded by Liu Bang
• Dynasty that followed the Qin
• Pressure from Xiongnu (called Huns by
some) led to their downfall
Vedic Age
• Indo-Europeans made their way into
northern India and started this period
• Time of the Vedas (Rig Veda)
• Sanskrit developed from combining Aryan
and Dravidian languages
• Beginning of Hinduism and birth of the
Caste system
Caste System
• India
• Reinforced by Hinduism… especially
reincarnation
• Rejected by Buddhism
• Class system
Constantinople
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Earlier known as Byzantium
City on the Bosporus
First Roman Christian City
Justinian had the Hagia Sophia (Church of
Holy Wisdom)
• Taken by the Ottomans and renamed
Istanbul
• Founded by Constantine
Diaspora
• Jews forced to leave (Northern Kingdom,
Israel, destroyed by Assyrians in 722BCE,
Southern Kingdom, Judah, destroyed by
Babylonians in 586BCE).
• Merchants travel abroad to make their
fortunes in the Indian Ocean
• Africans brought to the New World and to
areas of the Middle East
• Means dispersion
Gupta
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Classical Empire
India
Theater State
Defeated by White Huns
The Huns
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From the Asian Steppe
Pastoral nomads
Pushed German tribes into Europe
Attila
Germanization
• During and after the fall of Rome
• People groups entering Europe at the end
of the Classical Age
• Changed the culture and structure of
Europe: from Latin to German
Olmec
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Americas (Mesoamerica)
Mother Culture
Big Heads
Were-jaguars and sacrifices
Dao
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Belief system in China
The Way
Harmony between humanity and nature
Founded by Laozi
Apostle Paul
• Roman Citizen
• Spread Christianity
• Successfully set up churches in
cosmopolitan Rome
Legalism
• Another response to the constant fighting
during the Zhou
• Ideas embraced by the Qin
• Men need strict laws and strict leaders to
function well in society
Judaism
• Belief system with origin in the Middle East
• Dualism
• Covenant between Hebrew people and
God
• Abraham is the patriarch
Confucianism
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China
Response to Warring States Period
Social Harmony
Created strict social hierarchy
Examination system was based on these
ideals
Hinduism
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India
Polytheism
Aryan origins
Based on a mix of Aryan and Dravidian
beliefs along with the Vedas
• Spread through India, into Sri Lanka and
to S.E. Asia
Buddhism
• Indian Origin
• Response to Caste System and
reincarnation
• Rejected by India
• Spread along the silk routes to SE Asia
and E. Asia
• Rejected by the Tang Dynasty
• Founder: Siddhartha Gautama
Christianity
• Middle Eastern Origin
• During the Roman Empire
• Paul and others spread this belief system
through the Eastern Mediterranean
• Branches: Roman Catholicism, Eastern
Orthodox and later Protestantism
Islam
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Middle Eastern Origin
Arabian Peninsula
Mecca
Founder: Muhammad
Spread through Anatolia, N. Africa and
Spain in the 7th and 8th Centuries
• Spreads across the Indian Ocean
• Acheh Sultanate
Byzantine Empire
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Eastern Mediterranean
Eastern Roman Empire
Justinian and Theodora
Defeated the Muslims in 717
Influenced Kiev, then Russia
Fell in 1453 to Mehmet II (the Conqueror)
Justinian
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Eastern Roman Emperor
Regained N. Africa and Rome
Plague ravaged his Empire
Wife was a former “dancer”
He as a jerk (Nika Riots, caused by heavy
taxation, ended in the slaughter of the
rebel leaders)
Indian Ocean Trade
• Trade Network
• Becomes the most important trade
network in the 8th C.
• Engines of trade were India and China
• Trade entrepots found throughout
• Trade Diasporas
• Arabic becomes the dominant trade
language
Great Schism
• Split in Christianity
• East vs. West
• Question that caused the split: Who
should be head of the church?
• Eastern Orthodox vs. Roman Catholic
Mongols
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Pastoralists
Opened trade from E. to W.
Extended the silk routes
Allowed for diffusion of goods,
technologies and disease
• Conquered or controlled most of the
people in Eurasia
• Established the Yuan Dynasty
• Defeated by Japan…twice
Eastern Orthodox
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Looks Greek
Starts in Constantinople
Emperor is political and religious head
Kiev takes on this form of Christianity,
which will continue East into Russia
Feudalism
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Social hierarchy
Middle Ages Europe
15th C. Japan
knights=samurai
Pyramid Structure
Begins to die in Europe following the Black
Death
Swahili
• Language
• Trade language
• East African Coast
Gunpowder
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Began in China
Weaponized by Song
Utilized effectively by Mongols
Brought to Europe by Mongols
European enhancement in this gave them
an upper hand throughout the world
• Saltpeter, charcoal, sulfur
Tang
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China
Capital Chang’an
Tributary states
Empress Wu (bodhisattva)
Rejection of Buddhism
After Sui, before Song
Ghana
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Empire in West Africa
Means land of gold
Captured by the Arabs
Becomes predominantly Muslim
Mali
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Followed Ghana
West Africa
Mansu Musa
Great trade City: Timbuktu
Bodhisattvas
• Mahayana Buddhism
• Empress Wu of the Tang
• Buddhists who stay behind to help others
find nirvana
Song
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China
Great manufacturing capacity
Defeated by the Mongols
Followed the Tang
Venitians
• Trade city
• Avoided the pitfalls of other European
cities during the “Dark Ages”
• Monopolized trade flowing into Europe
• Chief competitor was the Ottoman Empire
• City in Italy (the armpit of Italy)
Yuan
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Dynasty in China
Paper money
Reunited China (once again)
Strengthened the economy
Founded by Kublai
Mongol Dynasty in China
Timur
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Created his empire in the Middle East
Followed in the shadow of the Mongols
Emerged from a “power vacuum”
Claimed to be a descendent of Genghis
Defeated the Delhi Sultanate
Laid the groundwork for the Mughal
Empire
• Had a bad leg
Ming
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China
Defeated the Mongols
Kicked out the Yuan
Sent Zheng He to the Indian Ocean on
huge treasure junks
• Defeated by the Manchu
Aztec
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Mexican people
Migrated south to Lake Texcoco
Chief god was huitzilopochtli
Capital: Tenochtitlan
Used chinampas for agriculture
Blood sacrifices were a part of life
Defeated by Cortes
Delhi Sultanate
• India
• Followed the power vacuum left by the
Gupta
• Brought Islamic rule to India
• Initially brutal, but later benign
• Defeated by Timur
Southernization
• After the fall of Rome
• Trade and power shifts towards the Middle
East and Asia
• Indian ocean becomes most important
trade network
Renaissance
• Rebirth
• …of Classical Age
• Muslims …Scholars in Baghdad save
Greco-Roman writings
• Florence, then North
• Da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo, the
Medici
Ibn Battuta
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Traveler
Moroccan
Dar al Islam
May have made it to the Chinese Court
(but probably not)
Vikings
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Northern Europe
Raiders
Reached height during the 9th C
Settled parts of E. Europe, Normandy in
France and parts of present day UK
• Located and inhabited Iceland
• Found the Americas (Newfoundland)
• Eirik the Red
Black Death
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Diffusion
Mongols and Caffa blamed
Yersina Pestis
It is the rat’s fault!
1/3 of Europe wiped out
Gave peasants more power
Pax Mongolica
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Mongols
Merchants could travel safely
Wars on the Asian steppe halted
Mongol Peace
Dar al Islam
• Areas of Islam
• Home of Islam
• Areas where Ibn Battatu traveled
Safavid
• Gunpowder Empire
• Shi’ite
• Iran
Columbus
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Italian
Sails for Spain
Crusader mentality
1492
Thought he was in India
Spanish Empire
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Charles V
Armada
Conquerors of the New World
silver
Philip II
Decline following 1588
Treaty of Tordesillas
• Portugal and Spain
• Agreement
• Split the Atlantic
Small Pox
• Disease
• From cows
• Decimated the New World population
Enconmienda
• Forced labor system
• Employed by Inca
• Later used by Spanish to force individuals
to work the silver mines
Armed Trading
• Started when Da Gama entered the Indian
Ocean
• Common place in the Mediterranean
• Using force to control trade lanes
Silver Trade
• Gave Europe access to East Asian
Markets
• Financed European wars
• Potosi played key role
• Manila Galleons
Mercantilism
• Control precious metals markets
• Horde wealth to strengthen military
• Economic policy employed by European
nations
Sugar
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Caribbean islands
Monoculture
Triangle trade
Byproduct Molasses  Rum
Rum for Slaves
Plantation Complex
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Monoculture
Slave labor
Cotton, sugar, tobacco
South America, Caribbean, Southern US
White owners ruling over slaves
Protestant Reformation
• Response
• Response to indulgences
• Response to Catholic emphasis on good
works
• Martin Luther
• Split in European christianity
Anglican Church
• England
• Protestantism in England
• Established when Henry VIII wanted a
divorce
• Church of England
Enlightenment
• Thinkers who argued against absolutism
• Right of the people
• Influenced the late 18th C. early 19th C.
Revolutions
• Voltaire
• John Locke
• Jean Jacque Rousseau
Scientific Revolution
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European
Astronomy
Galileo
Copernican universe
Jamestown
• Colony
• British
• First successful colony for the British in the
New World
• John Smith
• Cannibalism and the starving time
monoculture
• One crop
• Sugar, tobacco, cotton
• plantation
Da Gama
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Portuguese
Made his way into the Indian Ocean
Started armed trading
Attacked East African Coast and West
India
Capitalism
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Investing capital
Banks
Free trade
Anti-socialism
Songhai
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West Africa
Followed Mali
Muslim
Defeated by European equipped
Moroccan force in 1591