Transcript Chapter 19 Notes - Martin`s Mill ISD

Chapter 19 Notes
The French Revolution
And Napoleon
Section 1
On the Eve of Revolution
The Old Regime
First Estate – clergy
– Very wealthy; owned 10% of land, collected tithes, no taxes
– Ran schools, hospitals, and orphanages
– Targeted by philosophes who wanted them to reform and stay
out of politics
– The clergy condemned many thinkers during the Enlightenment
for undermining religion and moral order
Second Estate – nobility
–
–
–
–
Had rights but under strict royal control
Had top jobs in government, army, courts, and Church
Owned land but had little money income
Resented absolutism because it gave jobs to middle-class
people that were traditionally for aristocracy
– Feared losing privileges such as no taxes
The Old Regime
Third Estate – vast majority of population (98%)
– Diverse Group
Bourgeoisie –
– Bankers, merchants, manufacturers, lawyers, doctors,
teachers, artisans
Rural peasants – made up 90% of population
– Landowners, tenant farmers, apprentices, journeyman, stable
hands, porters, construction
– Many were unemployed
Discontent
– All members of Third Estate resented the people
above them in society
– Peasants burdened by taxes, hunger, and corvee –
– Began to question authority of higher classes
Economic Troubles
- Deficit Spending The Burden of Debt
– Caused by Louis XIV, Seven Years’ War, American Revolution
– Half of its tax income went to pay interest of debt
Poor Harvests
– Sent food prices up and brought hunger
– Caused riots among peasants, attacked manor houses
Failure to Reform
– Louis XVI chose Jacques Necker to fix problem
– Reduce court spending, abolish burdensome tariffs on internal trade
– Proposed taxing all Estates (nobles got rid of Necker before this
happened)
– King was forced to call Estates General for the 1st time in 175 years
– Nobles hoped to bring monarch under their control
Louis XVI Calls the Estates General
The Cahiers –
– Listed all grievances
Fair taxes, freedom of the press,
regular EG meetings, right to kill
animals, leave servant hood whenever
and get paid for duty
The Tennis Court Oath
– Group deadlocked on issue of voting
1st and 2nd always outvoted the 3rd
estate
Delegates for 3rd wanted votes counted
“by person”
– Claimed to represent people of France
and called themselves National
Assembly
Were locked out by king and had to
relocate at a nearby indoor tennis court
– Swore they would “never separate and
to meet wherever the circumstances
might require until we have established
a sound and just conclusion”
Louis XVI Calls the Estates General
Storming the Bastille
– A mob, fearing rumors of
royal troops surrounding
Paris, took over a prison
looking for weapons and
ammo.
– Killed officers and guards
but found nothing
– Quickly became a symbol
of the French Revolution
– July 14 is still celebrated
as Bastille Day in France
Section 2
Creating a New France
Revolts in Paris and the Provinces
The Great Fear
– Attacks on villages and towns; troops seizing crops led to panic
– Peasants reacted by burning nobles’ houses and estates
Paris in Arms
– Factions –
Several competed for power
– Marquis de Lafayette
Fought with George Washington
Head of the National Guard; first group to wear red, white, and blue
badge (eventually became national flag)
– Paris Commune
Replaced royal government
Used to mobilize protestors or violent actions during revolution
Moderate Reforms
- August 4, 1789 – National Assembly voted to
end noble privileges
- Tax exemption, hunting rights, old manorial dues,
legal status
Declaration of the Rights of Man
– Modeled after the American Declaration of
Independence; governments exist to protect the
natural rights of citizens
– All male citizens were equal before the law, all could
hold public office, religious freedom, levied taxes
– French Revolution slogan – “Life, Equality, Fraternity”
– Nobles and king still enjoyed luxuries while others
starved
Moderate Reforms
Women March on
Versailles
– Demanded to see the
king; also directed
anger at Queen Marie
Antoinette
– Crowd demanded king
to return to Paris; he
reluctantly agreed
– Basically lived as a
house-bound prisoner
The National Assembly Presses Onward
- Worked on a Constitution and solve the financial
crisis
- Took over Church lands and sold them to pay
debt
Reorganizing the Church
– Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Put French Catholic Church under state control
Priests became elected, salaried officials
Ended papal authority and dissolved monasteries and
convents
– Priests and peasants rejected these changes
widening the gap between revolutionaries in Paris
and those in the countryside
The National Assembly Presses Onward
Constitution of 1791
– Set up a limited monarchy
– Legislative Assembly
Power to make laws and collect taxes
Decide issues of war and peace
Elected by taxpaying male citizens
– Protected private property and supported free trade
– Abolished guilds and forbade unions
Louis’ Failed Flight
– Tried to escape disguised as a servant with the queen and
children
– Attempt failed and was taken back to Paris and seen as a traitor
Reaction Outside France
Widespread Fears
– Many European rulers began shutting down their
borders and burning Enlightened materials in fear of
the same plight as France
– Emigres -
Threats from Abroad
– Marie Antoinette’s brothers issued Declaration of
Pilnitz
Basically said they would protect French monarchy
– Revolutionaries took threat serious and revolution
entered more radical phase
War at Home and Abroad
Internal Divisions
– Republic –
– Jacobins – (pg. 477)
War on Tyranny
– April 1792
Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria,
Prussia, Britain, and others
Lasted until 1815
Section 3
Radical Days
The Monarchy Abolished
- French revolutionaries
were having trouble
against professional
soldiers, royalists
deserting French army
Outbreaks of Violence
– August 1792
Mob stormed king’s palace
and killed the guards
Royal family fled to
Legislative Assembly
– Sept 1792
Attacked prisons holding
nobles and priests held for
political offenses
The Monarchy Abolished
The French Republic
– Radicals took over the Assembly
and named it the National
Convention
– Suffrage –
– Abolished monarchy and
declared France a republic; drew
up new constitution
– Jacobins set out to erase all
memory of old order
Seized noble lands and
abolished noble titles
Death of the King and Queen
– Put King Louis XVI on trial for
treason; convicted by single vote
and beheaded in front of a crowd
in Paris (Jan 1793)
– Oct. 1793 – Marie Antoinette was
beheaded; their son died in the
dungeons
The Convention Defends the Republic
- France had many problems to deal with:
European War, revolt against
government, division in the Convention
Committee of Public Safety
– 12 members; prepared France for all out
war
– Issued mass levy that required all citizens
to contribute to the war effort
Robespierre
– Maximilien Robespierre – leader of the
Committee of Public
– Looked at as incorruptible by the
Jacobins, and as a tyrant by his enemies
– Followed Rousseau’s idea of general will
as the source of legitimate law
– Promoted religious toleration and abolish
slavery
The Convention Defends the Republic
The Reign of Terror
– July 1793 – July 1794
40,000 people were
executed
15% nobles and priests, 15%
middle class, and the rest
were peasants and sansculottes
– Guillotine was introduced
as more humane method
of beheading than an ax
– Robespierre was
eventually arrested and
executed
Reaction and the Directory
Constitution of 1795
– 5 man Directory
2 house legislature
Led by bourgeoisie
– Made peace with several countries, made
themselves rich and began hackin off “the
people”
Threat of the revival of royalists
– Called on Napoleon Bonaparte to handle stuff
Napoleon would eventually rule everything
Women in the Revolution
Rights for Women
– Olympe de Gouges
Journalist, Declaration of the Rights of Woman
Executed by the guillotine
– Made divorce easier, could inherit property
Setbacks
– Women lost their rights and were declared
that they lacked physical and moral strength
to practice political rights
Changes in Daily Life
Nationalism –
Social Reform
– Set up state schools, abolished slavery
– Created secular calendar
The Arts
– Jacques Louis David - artist
David Paintings
Section 4
The Age of Napoleon Begins
Napoleon’s Rise to Power
- Favored Jacobins and republican
rule
Early Successes
– Celebrated military leader
By 1793-94 he conquered and
took over British controlled French
ports, northern Italy, and forcing
Hapsburg emperor to make peace
– By 1799 – helped overthrow a
weak Directory and set up a 3man Consulate (governing board)
with himself as the First Consul
– 1802 – named himself consul for
life
Self-made Emperor
– 1804 – assumed title of Emperor
of the French
– Plebiscite –
French people always supported
him
France Under Napoleon
Reforms
– Economy
Controlled prices, encouraged industry, built roads and canals
– Military
System of schools under government control; trained army and
officers
– Religion and Society
Concordat of 1801: kept Church under state control but recognized
religious freedom for Catholics
– Peasants
Received lost lands
Napoleonic Code
– Equality of citizens before the law, religious toleration,
advancement based on merit
– Did restrict women and made husbands in authority
Building an Empire
The Grand Empire
– Annex –
Netherlands, Belgium, Italy,
Germany; abolished Holy
Roman Empire
– Controlled these areas by
forced diplomacy; put friends
and relatives on the thrones of
conquered lands
– Success in battle boosted
nationalism
France versus Britain
– Britain managed to stave off
invasion from France with its
Navy
– Napoleon fought back by
blockading British ports and
disrupting commerce; called
this the Continental System
Section 5
The End of an Era
Challenges to Napoleon’s Empire
Impact of Nationalism
– Many Europeans saw French as foreign oppressors;
resented Continental System and forced cultural
changes
– Nationalism led to revolts against France; Germanspeaking people countered French influence
Resistance in Spain
– 1808 – Napoleon replaced Spanish king with brother,
Joseph
Introduced reforms to change the Catholic Church
– Spanish fought back which led to guerrilla warfare –
Attacked supply trains and troops; had help from the British
Challenges to Napoleon’s Empire
Defeat in Russia
– Russia’s czar responded to
Continental System and
Napoleon led his Grand
Army to Russia
– Took 400,000 troops to
Russia
– Russia used “scorched
earth” policy which left
French hungry and cold
during winter
– Plan to take Moscow
backfired and only 10,000
survived
– Defeat ruined Napoleon’s
reputation
Downfall of Napoleon
- 1813: new alliance of
Russia, Austria, Prussia
defeated Napoleon in
Battle of the Nations
Exile and Return
– Abdicated –
Napoleon was exiled to
island of Elba; recognized
Louis XVIII as king of
France
– Transition didn’t go
smoothly
Napoleon came back to
cheers and became
emperor again
Downfall of Napoleon
Battle of Waterloo
– Power lasted 100 days
– Defeated by the British,
Prussians and sent into
exile on St. Helena
Legacy of Napoleon
– Died in 1821
– His conquests spread
ideas of the French
Revolution and nationalism
– 1803 – sold Louisiana
Purchase to the United
States
Thomas Jefferson was
President
Congress of Vienna
Goals of the Congress
– Create a lasting peace by establishing a
balance of power and protecting the system of
monarchy in Europe
– Redrew the map of Europe
– Restored the hereditary monarchy