Transcript To the railway station To the town hall The royal driver, not having

World War One 1914-1918
Long-term Causes of the War
This map was drawn by an Anglo-Russian artist, John
Henry Amschewitz and printed in 1914 by Geographia Ltd
of London.,
The artist employed a number of
international symbols for the Great Powers: John Bull, the
Russian bear, the German eagle, Marianne and the
French cockerel, etc. The title is “European revue: killing
the eagle”. This emphasis on Germany being attacked
appealed to the Germans. It was reproduced by the
German printer, W. Nölting of Hamburg. The wording was
translated into German and at the bottom of the map it
said: “reproduced by a German printer without the kind
permission of our English cousin.”
Long-term Causes of the War

Nationalism
 Militarism and an arms race
 Economic rivalry and “the scramble for colonies”
 The Alliance system
 A series of international crises threatening the balance of power
An image taken from the
Facebook page of
Archeofuturism.
NATIONALISM: The American and French Revolutions spread the ideas of popular sovereignty and national self
determination. These events encouraged nationalist aspirations in the German and Italian states which, for a time,
were encouraged by Napoleon who created a Kingdom of Italy and reduced the number of small independent
German states. However, the Congress of Vienna in 1815 restored most of Europe to its pre-revolutionary status
quo. Although the 1848 revolutions which occurred in most of Europe failed to secure constitutional democracy
and the unification of Italy and Germany the drive for independence was becoming irreversible under the
leadership of Cavour in the Italian peninsula and Bismarck, the Chancellor of Prussia.
Strong nationalist
movements also emerged amongst the peoples in the Balkans who were either subject to Austro-Hungarian or
Ottoman rule, amongst Poles under Russian control and amongst the Irish under British rule. Nationalist ideologies
were also gaining support within the Great Powers as military and economic competition grew between them. The
overall effect was a more de-stabilised Europe.
“It shoots further than he dreams”.
Drawn by American cartoonist John F. Knott, a C19th
immigrant originally from the Austro-Hungarian
Empire. The cartoon, depicting the Kaiser firing a
cannon labelled “Militarism”, was first published and
syndicated across the United States in March 1918.
MILITARISM: The late C19th had seen a rapid increase in the standing armies of all of the Great Powers. As
one country increased its armed forces so all the others responded by increasing theirs. German militarism
had its roots in Prussia’s defeat by Napoleon in 1806. The army, as it was significantly increased, came to
influence the Prussian government and soon the militarist interests of army and nation had become
identical. Militarist attitudes also became widespread amongst the colonial powers, particularly Britain,
France and Russia.
By 1914 the armed forces of the Great Powers stood at:
Countries
Austria-Hungary
Soldiers
Warships
810.000
28
France
1.125.000
62
Germany
2.200.000
97
Great Britain
711.000
185
Italy
750.000
36
1.200.000
30
Russia
MILITARISM: The late C19th had seen a rapid increase in the standing armies of all of the great Powers. As
one country increased its armed forces so all the others responded by increasing theirs. German militarism
had its roots in Prussia’s defeat by Napoleon in 1806. The army, as it was significantly increased, came to
influence the Prussian government and soon the militarist interests of army and nation had become
identical. Militarist attitudes also became widespread amongst the colonial powers, particularly Britain,
France and Russia.
Cartoon by Joseph Keppler in the
American satirical magazine,
Puck. It depicts the eight Nation
Alliance who sent military forces
to intervene in China during the
Boxer rebellion. The stated
purpose was to protect the
international legations. But as
this cartoon suggests, they were
also squabbling over their own
economic and political interests
in China. Its title: “The trouble
will come after the wake”.
ECONOMIC RIVALRY AND THE SCRAMBLE FOR COLONIES: By 1900 the British Empire extended over five
continents; France controlled large areas of Africa and Indo-China; Belgium held the Congo in Africa and had
important economic contracts for developing railways and communication systems in China; the Dutch held
colonies in the East Indies and the Caribbean; Germany came late to colonialism but acquired colonies in east, west
and south west Africa as well as New Guinea and some smaller islands in the Pacific; Italy joined the scramble for
colonies in Africa, particularly East Africa and invaded provinces of the Ottoman Empire in 1911 to form what came
to be known as Libya; Portugal, having lost its American and Asian colonies also acquired Angola, Mozambique and
several smaller colonies in West Africa; Spain had lost its global Empire but acquired territories in North Africa in
the C19th, including Morocco and the Canary Islands and in West Africa around the Gulf of Guinea. From the reign
of Catherine the Great onwards Russia had begun its expansion westwards into Poland, most of Belarus and
Ukraine, further south into the Crimea, south east into the Caucasus and further east to the Pacific. Also the United
States, whilst critical of the imperialism of the European powers was busy acquiring Alaska, Hawaii, the Philippines
and other Pacific islands as well as extending its economic and political influence to the south.
A world map of the territories controlled by the European powers and the United States by 1914.
Cartoon published in the US
newspaper, The Brooklyn
Eagle, in July 1914 just days
before war was declared.
In 1879 Austria-Hungary had forged a Dual Alliance which became the Triple Alliance (also known as
the Central Powers) when Italy joined in 1882. Eventually, in response to this France made an alliance
with Russia in 1894 and ten years later Britain agreed an informal alliance with France (the Entente
Cordiale). In 1907 Britain, France and Russia formed the triple Entente. In theory these alliances were
meant to act as a deterrence to war. In practice they tied the allies to each other so that if one was
faced by the prospect of war the others would be obliged to support them, as the above cartoon
indicates.
By the beginning of the 20th century the two rival power groups, the
Triple Entente (Britain, France and Russia) and the Triple Alliance (Austria,
Germany and Italy), were beginning to clash over their interests in Europe
and elsewhere in the world. Four international crises brought Europe to
the brink of war:
Moroccan Crisis of 1905-06 with Germany clashing with France, Britain
and the USA over the independence of Morocco.
Bosnian Crisis of 1908-09. The annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by
Austria-Hungary outraged Serbia and Croatia. War threatened when
Russia offered it support to fellow Slavs but backed down when Germany
offered support to Austria and England and France were unwilling to
intervene on behalf of Russia.
Young Turks Revolution in 1908 served to highlight the growing weakness
of the Ottoman Empire and encouraged rebellion in her European
territories.
Cartoon which appeared in the British
magazine Punch in October 1912
Agadir Crisis 1911. France still wanted control of Morocco and in 1908
installed a pro-French Sultan. In May 1911 the French occupied Morocco
to suppress a rebellion against the sultan. Germany sent a gunboat to
Agadir. Britain supported France and Germany backed down.
Balkan Wars 1912-1913. Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece and Montenegro,
seeking to exploit the chaos in the Ottoman Empire declared war and one
a series of battles against Ottoman troops. The Great Powers imposed a
settlement. But in 1913 Bulgaria, seeking control of Macedonia, fought
against Serbia, Montenegro, Romania, Greece and the Ottoman Empire
but lost.
THE OUTBREAK OF WAR IN 1914
The map shows the two major alliances, Russia’s allies in the Balkans and the neutral countries in July 1914 .
SARAJEVO
On 28 June 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Duchess Sophie arrived by train at Sarajevo.
At 10.10, after inspecting the barracks, they drove in a motorcade along Appel Quay to the town hall.
Nedeljko Cabrinovic throws
a bomb but fails to kill the
royal couple.
At Cumurja Bridge, Nedeljko Cabrinovic, one of 6 Bosnian Serb assassins, threw a bomb at the Royal car.
20 people were wounded. The bombed car was left and the motorcade sped off to the town hall.
After expressing his anger about the assassination attempt, the Archduke gave his planned speech.
At 10.45 the royal motorcade went back along Appel Quay to visit the wounded in hospital.
The royal driver, not having been informed of the change of plan, turned right at Latin bridge.
When told of the new plan, he stopped outside Schiller’s delicatessen and began to reverse. He stalled.
At this point another member of the assassination team, Gavrilo Princip, was leaving Schiller’s.
At 10.50 Gavrilo Princip
shoots the royal couple
outside Schiller’s.
Princip took out a semi-automatic pistol and fired 2 shots at point blank range at the royal couple.
Taken to the governor’s residence, Sophie was dead on arrival and the Archduke died 10 minutes later.
Austria blames the Serbs for
the assassination of Franz
Ferdinand and Sophie and
declares war on Serbia on 28
July 1914.
.
Russia, as an ally of Serbia,
mobilises for war and calls on
France to do the same.
.
Germany as an ally of Austria
declares war on Russia on 1
August 1914.
.
Germany declares war on
Russia ‘s ally France on 3
August 1914. German troops
advance into Belgium
following the Schlieffen Plan
.
On 3 August Britain demands
that German troops withdraw
from neutral Belgium.
Germany does not withdraw
its troops and Britain declares
war on Germany
.
On 5 August 1914 Montenegro
declares war on Austria and 3
days later on Germany.
.
The dominions of the British Empire
also declare war on Germany and
Austria on 4 August 1914
13 August 1914 Japan declares war on
Germany because of her alliance with
Britain which had been signed in 1902
.
Turkey enters the war on the
side of the Central Powers on
29 October 1914
.
Russia declares war
on Turkey on 2
November 1914
.
Britain and France
declare war on Turkey on
5 November 1914
.
23 May 1915: Italy enters the war
on the side of the Triple Entente.
San Marino declared war on
Austria on 3 June 1915.
.
Bulgaria declares war on Serbia on
14 October 1915
.
Portugal enters the war
against the Central
Powers on 15 March
1916
.
Romania declares war on Austria
on 27 May 1916
.
Bulgaria declares war on
Romania on 1 September
1916
.
Greece declares war on the
Central Powers on 27 June
1917
.
USA declares war on
Germany on 6 April 1917
and on Austria on 7 Dec.
Panama declares war on
Germany on 7 April 1817 and
on Austria on 10 Dec.
Cuba declares war on
Germany on 7 April
Siam declares war on
Germany and Austria on
22 July 1917
China declares war on the
Central Powers on 14 August
1917
Brazil declares war
on Germany on 26
October 1917
Guatemala declates war on the Central
Powers on 23 April 1918
Nicaragua declares war on the
Central Powers on 8 May 1918
Costa Rica declares war on the
Central Powers on 23 May
1918
Haiti declares war on the Central
Powers on 12 July 1918
THE WORLD AT WAR