Transcript Imperialism - Ms. A. Irving

Imperialism
Imperialism
 Definition:
 The control of one country by another “empire”
 Imperialism was encouraged by a number of motives. What
were they?
 Wealth from resources and new populations
 Desire to convert original peoples to Christianity
 Fame and power of having a large empire
 What happens when two cultures meet?
 Acculturation
 The process of change that occurs when two cultures come into contact
 There are 4 types of ACCULTURATION
1. Accommodation: both cultures continue as distinct, but share
certain aspects Example:
2. Assimilation: The weaker culture is merged into the dominant
culture; assumption that the weaker culture is inferior
Example:
3. Segregation: Cultures are kept separate.; sometimes by choice,
sometimes forced. Segregation is often due to fear of
contamination.
Example:
4. Annihilation: Dominant culture destroys the weaker culture
Example:
Historical Imperialism
 Def. – to create or maintain unequal economic, cultural or
territorial relationships between states, colonies or empires.
(domination over other nations)
 Was coined in the 16th Century, but began around 1870 and
lasted until 1914. Modern, relatively developed nations were
taking over less developed areas, colonizing and expanding
them in order to become more powerful themselves.
Who?
 Powerful governments:
 United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Japan and the
United States
 How?
 weaker countries easily controlled
 conquered territories didn’t have unified governments
 More information throughout
Pause and Reflect
 Canada was once part of Britain’s empire. How could the
concept of “Imperialism” be seen in the development of
Canada?
 Who controlled the empire?
 What did they want?
 How did they influence us?
 When did this happen?
 What kind of acculturation occurred?
 What issues resulted?
DO YOU THINK CANADA EXPERIENCED
IMPERIALISM?
Colonialism vs. Imperialism
 Not the same!
 Colonialism was the development of territories for
settlement or commercial intentions.
 Imperialism was for financial intentions and operated from
the middle of the political and ideological intentions.
Examples
“The Great Game” in Persian lands, “Scramble For Africa” and the
“Open Door Policy” in China.
While viewing:
1- find who was in power
2- what they wanted
3- reactions of the weaker country and others
Task A
 In groups of 3-4 discuss and list possible benefits of
Imperialism for the dominant country. Record as many
benefits you can think of in the following categories:
 Economics
 Country pride
 Religious goals
Task B
In the same group you were in before, discuss what you think
would give dominant countries an advantage over other
dominant countries. List these advantages/strengths.
*Economic Motives
 The most important cause of the Age of Imperialism was the
search for profit.
 Western powers wanted three things:
1.
2.
3.
New markets.
Raw materials.
Places to invest.
 By the late 1800’s, Europeans produced more manufactured
goods than the western world could use.
*Economic Motives (Cont.)
 Western powers looked to Asia, Africa and Latin America to
sell their products.
 However, because these countries were politically unstable,
they wanted their governments to take over and run these
areas where their money was invested.
*Nationalism
 there was intense patriotic spirit in Europe in the late 1800’s.
 Military rivalries between the nations of Europe also fueled
the scramble for empires.
o Sometimes countries would send troops or settlers into an area
simply to prevent others from claiming it.
*Religion
Missionaries wanted their governments’ help in spreading
Christianity.
o Reformers wanted to stop the slave trade.
 Westerners felt their beliefs and institutions were superior to
all others.
*Empire Building
 Great Britain was the most successful; France was second.
o Had colonies in India and Africa.
o Controlled territory in North America, the Pacific Region and
Ireland.
o John Green Crash course
The British Royal Navy and Imperialism
 The Royal Navy did not exist until the mid 1600s
 After some early defeats it went on to be the strongest navy
in the world from 1700-1940
 From 1805-1914, Britain’s great imperial age, it was said that
“Britannia ruled the waves”
 Because of the Royal Navy, Britain was able to increase its
overseas empire. They could quickly dispatch troops and
supplies
 During the 1800’s the Royal Navy had several functions. What
were they?
 Map the world
 Scientific expeditions
 Protect trade routes
 Protect British colonies or areas where British interests were in
danger
British Control of India
 The British East India company was established in 1700 by
Elizabeth I
 By the 1800s it had a virtual monopoly over trade in India
 The merchants of the BEIC had originally come to India to
expand British trade, but in order to protect this trade, it
became very political
Cont’d
 In the early 1800s, India was a small collection of states that
often fought with each other
 This fighting enabled the BEIC to gain more influence
 By 1815, the company controlled India
 Task
 Complete the reading and questions regarding British control
in India (to complete for homework)
India: How to get there?
 http://www.afranko.com/2013/11/global-map-with-
countries/
 What event was mentioned yesterday during the John Green
video that Britain could take advantage of in order to get a
more direct route to India?
*Suez Canal-British Imperialism in
Egypt
 It is a 190 km long canal
 Took 10 years to build (with forced labor)=est. 125 000
died)
 Opened in 1869
 Before the canal good were sometimes taken off ships and
carried overland between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea
*Suez cont’d
 Britain and France wanted to “help” politically with Egypt’s
financial difficulties to get political control of Egypt and the
canal
 Britain desperately wanted the canal because it would secure
their link to its most important colony of the time; India
 Britain ended up controlling Egypt and the canal…when it
bought the shares to get Egypt out of debt
 How would other countries respond to this? What do you
think happened as a result?
Africa
Scramble for Africa-The “Ground Rules”
 Berlin Conference (1885)-European powers met to decide
how to carve up Africa
 New rule-had to announce the claim then actually occupy the
land
 Significance of this conference/rule=it created a sense of
urgency and green light to conquer
Scramble for Africa
 Review- analogy
 Quick video
*What happened as a result of
Imperialism
 By the end of the 19th Century, European powers
and the USA exerted political, military and
economic authority throughout the world
 Attaining colonies, the formation of economic
and political influences, and a global military
presence, impacted the Indigenous people of
Africa, Asia and the Americas
 Concern for the rights and interests of the
Indigenous people were not seen as important
 For Europe, colonies were seen as important keys
to:
1. National security
2. Military power
3. National prestige
 The final result = total mistrust around the world
(especially in the industrialized nations)
The Growth of American Power
 United States won independence from Britain in 1783.
 Began to expand its territory. In 1783, its western boundary
was set at the Mississippi River.
 In 1803, Napoleon sold Louisiana to the U.S., doubling its
size by moving the western border to the Rocky Mountains.
(called the Louisiana Purchase)
Manifest Destiny
 The idea that the United States was meant to rule North
America from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.
 The Democrats/Republicans wanted to expand the continent
and go to war with Mexico in the early 1840’s.
o The Whigs wanted to deepen the economy instead.

Of course, the idea of North America as being the United
States, did not occur.
Africa Before Partition
 Dramatic changes took place in Africa from the late 1700’s to
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the early 1900’s.
New empires and states developed, while many older states
expanded.
The Atlantic Slave Trade ended, but other trades grew.
Missionaries and explorers, as well as traders, came to the
continent.
The first European colonies were also set up.
Sokoto Empire
 In the late 1700’s, this empire was the largest of the Muslim states.
 Was located in what is now northern Nigeria.
 Leader was Usuman dan Fodio, a muslim preacher and leader of
the Fulani people.
 Called for Jihad in 1804, in order to purify Islam among the Hausa
and Fulani people.
 Within five years, he toppled the old ruling families and combined
the small kingdoms into the largest empire in West Africa.
 Was an important center for learning and depended on trade
across the Sahara Desert.
Zulu Kingdom
 In the early 1800’s, this powerful kingdom was started in
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southern Africa, by Shaka.
Won battle after battle using new kinds of spears and were a
well-trained army.
By 1819, Shaka ruled much of southeastern Africa.
All young men and women joined the military.
Shaka wanted to create a new nation, but was killed in 1828.
Egypt
 Was under Ottoman rule in the early 1800’s.
 Under Mohammed Ali, who ruled from 1805-1849, Egypt
gained independence.
 The army, education and the economy were all reformed.
o Improved irrigation improved cotton, sugar and grain output.
o New buildings were built.
Egypt (Cont.)
 Extended its control southward into the eastern Sudan,
which became an Egyptian colony.
 Ismail (Ali’s grandson) had the Suez Canal built, connecting
the Mediterranean and Red Seas.
Slave Trade
 During the 1800’s, the African Slave Trade declined, as more
and more European countries banned it.
 Replacing the lost trade, Africans offered new exports to
meet the growing needs of industrial Europe.
Palm Oil – Britain imported it after 1800 to make candles,
soap and lubricating oil.
2. Ivory – Britain and the U.S. used it for piano keys, billiard
balls and furniture. (in great demand)
-Europeans hunted elephants for their tusks as well.
1.
Foreign Presence in Africa
 Traders, colonists, missionaries and explorers had a powerful
effect on the continent.
 This set the stage for a European takeover in the late 1800’s.
 The slave traders were, in order by numbers or scale:
Portuguese, British, French, Spanish, Dutch and Americans.
European Presence in Africa
Black Colonies in Africa
 In 1787, the colony of Sierra Leone was started for blacks
returning to Africa from North America.
 Britain made it the base for its patrols against the slave trade
in 1808.
 European missionaries came to work with some 130 000
settlers over the next 60 years.
Liberia
 Became Africa’s first republic in 1847.
 Modeled their government after the U.S.
 American-born settlers held political and economic power,
even though they were outnumbered by native Africans.
 Ethiopia and Liberia were the only two regions not affected
by European settlement during the 1800’s.
Mission Stations
 Def. - Self-sufficient religious communities headed by foreign
missionaries.
o Christian churches set these up during the 1800’s.
 Offered Africans education, medical treatment and
instruction in Christianity.
Livingstone and Stanley
 David Livingstone (1813-1873) was a Scottish medical
missionary, who discovered the giant waterfalls on the
Zambezi River, which he named Victoria Falls after the
British queen.
 In 1871, Henry Stanley began looking for Livingstone, as he
was out of touch with the world for five years.
o Found him after eight months at a trading town on Lake
Tanganyika, called Ujiji. “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?” – is one
of the most famous lines in the history of exploration.
Livingstone and Stanley (Cont.)
 Livingstone hoped his work would expose the horrors of the
slave trade and draw missionaries into new parts of Africa.
o Other missionaries did follow and set up mission stations.
 However, Stanley used guns to force his way to the Congo
River to the Atlantic.
o Began to work for King Leopold II of Belgium, who laid claim
to the Congo Basin.
The Great Trek
 Between 1835 and 1845, about 14 000 Dutch farmers, in ox-
drawn covered wagons, crossed the Orange River.
 They took with them everything they owned, including slaves
and African servants. (came to be known as the ‘Great Trek’)
 Trekkers began to take territory in Ndebele and Zulu.
The French in North Africa
 Before the French invaded Algeria due to a dispute over
money in 1830, the only other colonization before 1850,
took place along the Barbary Coast. (Morocco, Algiers, Tunis
and Tripoli)
 Morocco was independent, the other three belonged to the
Ottoman Empire.
The French in North Africa (Cont.)
 After a long and brutal war, France gained control of Algeria
in 1848.
 Later, Tunisia and Morocco became French protectorates.
o Nations that are formally independent, but whose policies are
guided by an outside power.
The Berlin Conference
 Until the early 1870’s, France and Britain had only taken a
serious interest in Africa.
 Belgium and Germany became more involved in 1884.
 To avoid serious conflict, Germany set up The Berlin
Conference in 1884 – 1885.
 Twelve European nations, the Ottoman Empire and the U.S.
took part, but nobody from Africa was represented.
The Berlin Conference (Cont.)
 The delegates decided there should be free trade and travel
on both the Congo and Niger Rivers.
 Foreign powers had to establish control of any lands in Africa,
before claiming them as colonies.
o Imperialist nations would join forces if African people resisted.

As a result of the conference, it made it easier for European
powers to take over Africa without fighting among
themselves.
Imperialism in China
 China considered all foreign countries inferior and expected
them to pay tribute to the emperor by sending lavish gifts.
o Only Japan refused.
 European traders accepted China’s rules for two centuries.
o Trade in Chinese tea and silk was too profitable!
China’s Internal Problems
 In the early 1800’s, conflicts were not the only problems facing
China and its Manchu rulers.
 The Qing government had become corrupt and inefficient.
 Public officials grew wealthy from bribes and high taxes.
 They neglected duties such as flood control.
o A disastrous flood of the Yellow River followed. It destroyed crops
and famine struck. Food supply was already strained due to
population growth.
o Starving peasants left their lands in hopes of finding food and were
forced to sell land at prices far below its value.
The Manchu Dynasty of China
 Manchu Dynasty ruled China for almost 600 years.
• Ming Dynasty 1368 – 1644
• Qing Dynasty 1644 – 1912
• Republic of China 1912 – 1949
• People’s Republic of China 1949 - Present
 Imperial China ended in 1912, after approximately 2000
years.
The Opium War (Reforms Begin)
 Silver was leaving China as payment for opium. British
traders used silver to pay for tea and silk.
 In 1839, the Chinese Government finally cracked down on
the opium trade.
 The British were smuggling opium. Chinese soldiers
imprisoned traders and government officials in their own
warehouses.
 Britain saw this as a chance to get rid of Chinese restrictions
on trade.
The Opium War (Cont.)
 The modern British Army won battle after battle against the
Chinese forces, who were badly organized and using old
fashioned weapons.
 After three years, Chinese forces gave in and asked for peace
in 1842.
The Treaty of Nanjing
 In 1842, The Treaty of Nanjing ended the war and developed
the Unequal Treaty System with Asia.
 China no longer made the rules. Western nations laid out the
conditions for trade.
 British were given the right to trade in five (5) treaty ports.
Traders could live there.
 Britain also gained Hong Kong and a cash settlement for the
destroyed opium.
The Treaty of Nanjing (Cont.)
 In the next few years, other Western nations made similar
treaties with China, forcing them to give the western world
the kinds of trading rights and privileges that Britain had.
 In 1898, Britain obtained a 99 year lease on Hong Kong. In
1984, China and Britain agreed to return it to Chinese
Control as of 1997.
The Taiping Rebellion
 In 1850, rebels led an uprising against the Manchus. The
leader of the rebels claimed to be “the Heavenly Younger
Brother” of Jesus.
 Taiping men cut off their pigtails, which the Manchu rulers
had forced the Chinese to wear.
 Rebels also wanted a change in society. They proposed
dividing land equally among all the peasants.
o Also wanted equal rights for women.
The Taiping Rebellion
The Taiping Rebellion (Cont.)
 Built up a well-disciplined army and had over a million
followers.
 Easily defeated imperial troops that were sent to fight them.
They set up their capital in Nanjing in 1853 and had control
of much of China.
 Europeans eventually helped the Manchus win military
victories over the Taiping. The rebel leaders were involved in
power struggles as well, which led to the collapse of Taiping
in 1864.
Sphere of Influence
 Each of the major European powers now carved out a part of
China.
 This was known as the Sphere of Influence, territory in
which it had special authority.
 Europeans had special privileges, including the right to trade,
dig for minerals, build railroads and set up military bases.
Sino-Japanese War
 China and Japan were at war, struggling for control of Korea
in 1894-1895. (war was fought in Korea)
 Japan was outnumbered, but trounced the larger Chinese
forces.
o Also due to Western technology and ideas.
o Foreign nations demanded even more privileges from China, as
a result.
Sino-Japanese War
Hundred Days of Reform
 In 1898, the young emperor Guangxu called for changes in
traditional institutions, such as schools, the army and the civil
service.
 Just a hundred days after these reforms, Dowager Empress
(the emperor’s aunt), overthrew the emperor and sent him to
prison for life.
o This slowed down change.
Demands From Foreigners
 There were signs of confusion in the Qing government.
China seemed in danger of being carved up into colonies.
 In 1899, the U.S. stepped up and called on other countries to
follow an Open Door Policy.
o All countries should have equal trading rights in China.
The Boxer Rebellion
 Many Chinese saw the growing influence of foreign nations as
the cause of China’s problems.
 In 1899, a secret society known in English as the ‘Boxers’,
wanted all foreigners driven out of China.
o Hated Christian missionaries and Chinese who converted to
Christianity. (30 000 Chinese and 2500 soldiers were killed)
The Boxer Rebellion
The Boxer Rebellion (Cont.)
 In 1900, the rebels attacked the homes of foreign diplomats
in Beijing.
 After 55 days, an army of 20 000 British, American, Japanese,
German and Russian soldiers rescued them.
Nationalist Revolution
 In 1908, the Dowager Empress died at 73 of poisoning. The
heir to the throne was only two years old.
 Three years later, revolts broke out called the Nationalist
Revolution. This ended 4000 years of dynastic rule.
 The last Manchu emperor left the throne in February 1912.
Nationalist Revolution (Cont.)
 The leader of this was a western Christian named Sun Yat-
sen.
 His political party, the Kuomintang(Nationalist Party)
supported a program called the “Three Principles of the
People.”
1.
2.
3.
Nationalism and the creation of a strong central
government.
Democracy.
Economic security for all of China.
National Party
 Needed a military backing to survive. Yuan Shikai, a
powerful general, was chosen as the president of the National
Party.
 He was not interested in democracy. He wanted to bring
back the Chinese Empire and build his own power.
 By 1913, he was ruling as a military dictator, which led to
civil war in China.
China in Chaos
 In 1916,Yuan died.
 Groups fought for control of central government and
warlords with private armies began to take over various parts
of the country.