Transcript 27. Empire and Expansion

27. & 28. Empire and Expansion
1890-1899
The Imperialist Vision
► 1880s
– Americans wanted to make the U.S.
a world power
 Economic & military competition with other
countries
 Growing sense of superiority
► Imperialism
– economic and political
domination of a strong nation over a weaker
one
 Became popular with countries in Europe
Why Expand Overseas?
► Americans
markets
wanted to develop overseas
 Good for economy
 Social Darwinists
 Missionaries
►Reverend
Josiah Strong
 Yellow Journalism
►Joseph
Pulitzer
►William Randolph Hearst
 Closing of Western Frontier
Anglo-Saxonism
► “Anglo-Saxonism”
–
the idea that English
speaking nations were
superior to others and
destined to dominate the
planet
 White Man’s Burden –
take care of the heathens
The “White Man’s Burden?”
Causes of Imperialism
Economic
Motives
The Industrial Revolution created an insatiable
demand for raw materials and new markets.
Nationalism
European nations wanted to demonstrate their
power and prestige to the world.
Balance of
Power
European nations were forced to acquire new
colonies to achieve a balance with their neighbors
and competitors.
White Man's The Europeans’ sense of superiority made them
feel obligated to “civilize the heathen savages”
Burden
they encountered.
Building a Modern Navy
► Captain
Alfred T. Mahan – of
the U.S. Navy published a book
called The Influence of
Seapower Upon History, 16601783
 A large navy was essential to
protect trade
 Overseas territory was necessary
for naval bases
► The
US senate pushed for
construction of a new navy
 Late 1890s, the U.S. becomes one
of the top-ranked naval powers
Latin America
► The
U.S. wanted to exert its
influence over Latin
American countries to the
south
► Secretary of State, James
G. Blaine believed in PanAmericanism, the idea that
the U.S. and Latin America
work together
► First Pan-American
conference was held in
Washington, D.C.
 Not very successful
U.S. Feeling Spunky
► U.S.
almost goes to war with several nations
 Germany
►Over
naval base in Samoan Islands
 Italy
►Over
lynchings in N.O.
 Chili
►Deaths
of American sailors at Valparaiso
 Canada
►Seal
hunting near Alaska
Applying the Monroe Doctrine
► Venezuela
& Britain disputing territory
 Gold discovered in Guiana
► Grover
Cleveland told England it was
violating the Monroe Doctrine
 Britain told U.S. to stay out of it
► Cleveland
would draw new boundary & go
to war if necessary
“Patting the Eagle’s Head”
► Britain
ended up not wanting to fight
 Fearing damage to its trade
 Dutch Boers in South Africa about to go to war
 Germany’s Kaiser Wilhem beginning to
challenge Britain's power
► Great
Rapprochement
 Beginning of newfound alliance with England
Hawaii
► The
United States had an interest
in Hawaiian sugar industry
 Allowed Hawaii to sell sugar to
America tariff free
 Hawaii’s economy benefited greatly
 American sugarcane planters in
Hawaii become very powerful
► Strip
► U.S.
the king of much of his power
builds naval base at
Pearl Harbor
Convenience of Hawaii
Queen Liliuokalani
► Queen
Liliuokalani comes
into power in 1891
 Disliked the influence of the
American planters
 Tries to restore power to her
throne
► American
planters resist and
depose her
 Petition to be let into the U.S.
 Became a U.S. territory in 1900
The Cuban Revolution
► Cuba
– was a Spanish colony
which mainly exported sugar
 1868 – Cuban rebels attempted
to gain their independence but
failed
►Fled
to the U.S.
►José Martí – writer, poet &
leader of the Cuban revolution
 Attempted to raise money and
support for Cuba’s independence
Cuba
Cuban Revolution
► 1894
– the U.S. imposes
new tariffs on sugar
 Cuba’s economy suffers
► 1895
– Martí starts a
second, more successful
rebellion
 Gains control of eastern
Cuba
Spanish Response
► Cuban
rebels began to
destroy American property in
Cuba in hopes of drawing the
US into the war
► General Valeriano Weyler
– appointed by Spain to serve
as governor of Cuba
 Had Cubans killed in
concentration camps
“The Butcher”
Weyler’s Reconcentration Camps
Yellow Journalism
► Two
U.S. newspapers began to
influence American opinion about
Cuba
 New York Journal
► Owned
by William Randolph Hearst
 New York World
► Owned
► The
by Joseph Pulitzer
newspapers begin to use
yellow journalism – running
exaggerated stories to get the
people to side with the Cubans
Yellow Journalism
Joseph Pulitzer
Hearst to Frederick Remington:
You furnish the pictures,
and I’ll furnish the war!
William Randolph Hearst
De Lome Letter
► Enrique
Dupuy de
Lôme – Spanish
ambassador to the
US, wrote a letter
describing President
McKinley as weak
 New York Journal
printed the letter
U.S.S. Maine
► 1898
– the U.S.S. Maine,
anchored in the harbor at
Havana, Cuba mysteriously
explodes
 266 American sailors are killed
 Americans blame Spain
► American
public wanted war
 Jingoism - extreme nationalism
characterized by aggressive foreign
policy
McKinley Declares War
► April
11, 1898 McKinley
asks Congress to declare
war
 Said war w/ Spain was
inevitable
 America had to defend
democracy
 Opposing war could split
Republican party &
America
Teller Amendment
► Proclaimed
U.S. would grant Cuba its
independence once it overthrew Spain
 Europeans skeptical
The Philippines
► Roosevelt
cables
Commodore
George Dewey in
Hong Kong and tells
him to take the
Philippines
► May 1898 – US navy
attacks Spanish fleet
in Battle of Manila
Bay in the
Philippines
Dewey’s Victory at Manila Bay
Philippines Taken
► August
1898 – 20,000
American troops arrive and
capture Manila
► Helped by Filipino
revolutionary Emilio Aguinaldo
 Believes America will liberate his
country
Remember the Maine and to Hell
with Spain!!
Funeral for Maine
victims in Havana
Invasion of Cuba
► Spanish
send warships to Cuba led by
Admiral Cevera
 Americans on Eastern seaboard panic
 Spanish ships go to Santiago harbor
► April
1898 – U.S. fleet promptly blockades
Cuba
► American troops led by fat Gen. William R.
Shafter
 Ill-prepared for tropics
The Rough Riders
► June
1898 – American troops
advance toward Santiago in Cuba
► Battle of San Juan Hill –
Charge of the “Rough Riders,”
led by Colonel Leonard Wood
and Theodore Roosevelt
► One fourth of the soldiers fighting
in Cuba were African American
“A Splendid Little War”
► Admiral
Cervera was ordered to fight the
U.S. fleet and lost
► U.S. army commanded by General Nelson A.
Miles met little resistance & took Puerto Rico
► August 12, 1898 – Spain surrenders
American Empire
► Many
Americans wanted to annex the
Philippines:




Naval base in Asia
Stoppage point on way to China
New market for American goods
Teach the “less civilized” people
► Treaty
of Paris (Dec. 10, 1898) – Cuba
gains independence, U.S. gets Puerto Rico,
Guam, and Philippines
 U.S. paid $20 mil for Philippines
The American Anti-Imperialist
League
► Founded
in 1899
► Mark Twain, Andrew
Carnegie, William
James, and William
Jennings Bryan among
the leaders
► Campaigned against
the annexation of the
Philippines and other
acts of imperialism
Puerto Rico
► In
1900 Congress passed the Foraker Act,
making Puerto Rico an unincorporated
territory
Took import duties
at first
In 1917, Puerto
Ricans were made
citizens of the U.S.
Tariffs ceased
Internal
improvements
made
The Insular Cases
► Dilemma
– Did U.S. citizenship follow the
flag?
► Supreme Court ruled that Constitutional
rights were not automatically extended to
the island residents
Platt Amendment
► The
Platt Amendment to the
Cuban Constitution specified:
 could not make a treaties
 allow the U.S. to buy or lease
naval stations
 debts had to be kept low
 U.S. intervention allowed to
protect Cuban independence and
keep order
Results of the Spanish-American War
► Lasted
only 113 days
► Affirmed America’s presence as a world
power
 Made Germany jealous
 Latin America suspicious
► Improved
South
relations between U.S. North &
The Philippines
► Filipinos
assumed they would
receive freedom
 Insurrection starts Feb. 1899
► Emilio
Aguinaldo ordered his
troops to attack American
soldiers stationed in the
Philippines
 America set up reconcentration
camps to separate guerrillas from
civilians
► Thousands
starvation
died from disease and
 Aguinaldo eventually captured
Taft and his “Little Brown Brothers”
► William
Howard Taft, the U.S.
Commisioner in the Philippines, introduced
reforms in education, transportation, and
health care
 Hostilities stopped by 1902
Opening the Door to Japan
► Americans
wanted to
trade with Japan and
China
 Japan was closed off from
the rest of the world
► 1852
– Commodore
Matthew C. Perry
negotiates a trade treaty
with Japan
 Japan opens two ports to
American trade
Japan was
impressed
with
American
technology
and
military
Treaty of Kanagawa: 1854
American Diplomacy in Asia
► By
1899, America had
become a major power in
Asia
► 1894 – Japan and China
went to war over control
of Korea
 Japan won and gained
Manchuria
 War proved that Japan had
successful industrialized
Manchuria
► Russia,
worried about Japan’s rising power, forced
Japan to give Manchuria back to China
► Manchuria fell under
Russia’s sphere of
influence – an area
owned by one country
but controlled by
another foreign power
► Further spheres were
carved out of China
Open Door Policy
► Sec.
of State, John Hay, supported an Open
Door Policy – that all countries should be
allowed to trade with China
 America sent notes to all countries with
influence in China, asking them to keep ports
open to all nations
 Most countries were reluctant
►Except
Italy
►Russia refused
 Eventually most accepted
Boxer Rebellion
► Boxer
Rebellion – a secret Chinese group tried
to end foreign control in China by invading foreign
embassies & seizing Beijing
 More than 200 foreigners were killed or taken prisoner
 An international force stopped the rebellion in 1900
 China forced to
pay $333 mil. for
damages
Roosevelt’s Rise to Power
► President
McKinley defeated William
Jennings Bryan in the 1900 election
 Theodore Roosevelt was McKinley’s
running mate
 McKinley sat on the porch
 Bryan actively campaigned
► Roosevelt
► Bryan:
campaigned as well
spoke out against Imperialism
► McKinley: said “Bryanism” was bad for
American prosperity
Assassination of McKinley
► Sept.
6, 1901 – McKinley
is shot and killed
 Roosevelt becomes the
youngest person to
become president (age 42)
►Wanted
the U.S. to become
a world power
►Duty to shape the “less
civilized” parts of the world
►Was a maverick,
uncontrollable
 Said a president should lead
 First modern president
Theodore Roosevelt
► Born
in 1858, in NYC
► Had asthma and was severely
near-sighted
► Voracious reader with a
photographic memory
 Father told him "You have the
mind, but not the body; you
must make your body.“
► Went
to Harvard
 Athletic pursuits included
rowing, boxing, horseback
riding, and camping
Roosevelt Continued
► Attended
graduate school at
Columbia University
► Both wife and mother died
within two days
► Went to Dakotas to try ranching
► Published many books about
the West
► Married again and had five
children
 Six in all
Roosevelt’s Early Political Career
► 1882-1884
– New York State Representative
► 1897- 1898 – Assistant Secretary of the
Navy
► 1898-1900 – New York
Governor
► 1901 – Vice President
Need for a Canal
► TR
was well versed in foreign
affairs
► Saw the need for a canal
through Central America
 U.S.S. Oregon during SpanishAmerican War
 Would help defend island
acquisitions
► Clayton-Bulwer
Treaty
(1850) – prohibited the
building of a canal without
help/consent of Britain
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty
► Hay-Pauncefote
Treaty (1901) – signed
by the U.S. and Britain; gave the U.S.
exclusive rights to build and control an
proposed canal through Central America
Where to Build?
► Nicaragua
– opposed by French Canal Co.
(eager to build in Panama)
 Led by Philippe Bunau-Varilla
► Panama
– chosen after Mount Pelée erupted
killing 30,000
 First deal – 6 mile strip for $10 mil. & $250,000
annually
►Retracted
by Columbia gov.
►TR upset (1904 campaign)
Revolution in Panama
► 1903
– Panama declares its
independence from Columbia
 Supported by America
► Wouldn’t
allow Columbia to intervene
► Hay-Bunau-Varilla
Treaty –
$15 mil, and widened the canal
► Construction began in 1904 and
took 10 years to complete ($400
mil)
 Started slow
 Yellow fever
Spraying for squiters
Roosevelt Corollary
► Roosevelt
Corollary to
the Monroe Doctrine – the
United States would
intervene in Latin American
affairs when necessary to
maintain stability in the
Western Hemisphere
 First applied to Dominican
Republic & Venezuela
 Marines in Cuba (1906)
 Latin American resented
America’s growing influence
Russo-Japanese War
► 1904
– Japan attacks
Russia to take back
Manchuria
 Japan was winning, but
ran short of men
 Asked Roosevelt to
broker a peace treaty
► Treaty
of Portsmouth,
1905
► TR gets Nobel Peace
Prize
Japanese Laborers in California
► Many
Japanese immigrated to America
 “yellow peril”
Great White Fleet
► Roosevelt
sent 16 U.S. battleships to sail
around the world as a show of the country’s
military might
The Great White Fleet (1907)