Transcript The Age of Revolution - Miami Beach Senior High School

Mr. Ermer
World History AP
Miami Beach Senior High
The Enlightenment &
Revolution
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 Enlightenment ideals influence revolutionaries
 Popular Sovereignty: political authority resides with people
 John Locke: Gov’t gets legitimacy from the people, individual rights are
paramount
 Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Same thoughts on legitimacy, but thinks people
act collectively due to past shared experiences
 Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations—Laissez-Faire Economics
 Rene Decartes, Cesare Baccaria, Francis Bacon
 Counter Enlightenment breeds conservative & anti-democratic
movements
 Benjamin Franklin is standard barer for critics of Old World
 Enlightenment thinkers fight for personal freedoms, popular
sovereignty, and “equality”
 This equality did not extend to women, slaves, children, peasants,
laborers, or non-whites
Rebellion In British N.A.
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 Two policies upset American colonists:
 Britain raises taxes on its N. Amer. colonies to mitigate war debt
and any future military expenses to defend colonies
 The Stamp Act of 1765
 Britain closes western frontier from colonial settlement
 Sons of Liberty—New English activist organization
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Boycotts cut British imports by 2/3
Parliament cuts taxes
Upsets colonists by granting tea monopoly to British E. India Co.
Boston Tea Party & Boston Massacre
The American Revolution
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 1775: First Continental Congress meets in Philadelphia
 Fighting erupts in New England (Lexington & Concord)
 Assumes power of gov., raises army, issues currency
 George Washington chosen to lead army
 Declaration of Independence
 Many European powers see helping Americans as way to spite British
 France: arms, money, officers for training; king recognizes the United States
(1778)
 Spain & The Netherlands also offer support
 1781: General Cornwallis surrenders to General George Washington at
Yorktown
 1783: Treaty of Paris ends war, establishes an independent American state
 Constitutional Convention creates democratic republic
 Only white, male property owners can vote
 Women gain modest influence with independence
Revolution Spreads
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 French revolution directly challenges the power of
monarchies, the Catholic Church, and landed aristocracy
 French society divided into three classes (estates):
 First Estate: Clergy
 Second Estate: Nobility/Aristocracy
 Third Estate: merchants, bourgeoisie, peasants
 All three estates represented in Estates General, one vote per
 Wars almost bankrupt France
 Kings Louis XV & XVI issue emergency financial controls
 Parliament and local govs unhappy with kings’ power/rule
The French Revolution:
Liberté, égalité, fraternité
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 King Louis XVI calls first meeting of the Estates-General since
1614 to raise taxes, Third Estate overruled by others
 Many priests join Third Estate to form National Assembly
 Locked out of Parliament, meeting places, find tennis court
 The Tennis Court Oath
 July 14, 1789: Storming of the Bastille
 Declaration of the Rights of Man
 Women storm palace, seizure of church lands, war
 King & Queen enter Paris, offering food, and are arrested
July 14: Bastille Day
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The Reign of Terror
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 New gov. the National Convention to run the war
 Jacobin radicals dominate Convention
 Girondine: feared mobs, king alive
 Mountain: wanted king dead
 Maximilien Robspierre
 King put to death by guillotine—1793, form republic
 Committee of Public Safety (CPS) assumes executive power
 40,000 people executed, 300,000 arrested (women & Catholics)
 New calendar, Notre Dame converted to “temple of reason”
 Robspierre overthrown, executed—July 27, 1794
 New government=the Directory
Napoleon Bonaparte
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 Directory=dictatorship
 1799: Directory overthrown by Napoleon
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1803: New war against Britain, Russia, Austria, Sweden and Prussia
Austria, Russia and Prussia quickly defeated
Grand Empire= French Empire, “dependent states” and allies of France
1802-1812: Napoleon is master of Europe
Britain survives because of powerful navy
Naval superiority makes British almost invulnerable
Britain defeats French-Spanish navy at Trafalgar
Napoleon tries to cut British goods from reaching European markets
Other Europeans don’t like being told who to do business with, rebel
British colonies still making it money
Coronation of Napoleon
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Fall of Napoleon
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 French revolutionary ideals promote a cultural unity known as
Nationalism
 1812: Napoleon invades Russia, when they refuse Continental System
 Napoleon wants to make example of them
 Russians refuse to fight, run for hundreds of miles, burning cities so French
can’t use them
 French arrive in a burning Moscow
 French army heads home in winter, freeze
 Other Europeans stand up to Napoleon
 Paris captured in March 1814
 Napoleon exiled to island of Elba
 Bourbon monarchy restored—King Louis XVIII—former king’s brother
 King not supported, Napoleon slips back into Fr.
 Soldiers sent to arrest Napoleon, they take his side and escort him to Paris
in triumph
 Battle of Waterloo: Britain & Prussia defeat N
Napoleon Leaving Russia
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Nationalism
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 Nationalism: European response to Napoleonic wars
 Nation: community of people sharing common language,
customs, history, values, religious beliefs, and even destinies
 Goal: organize into a nation-state and pursue national interests
 Giuseppe Mazzini argues for creation of Italian nation-state
 Nationalism breeds distrust of minority groups
 Theodor Herzl founds the Zionist movement for Jewish state in
Palestine—World Zionist Organization takes up the cause
Changes for Europe
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 Slave rebellion in French colony of Saint Domingue
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Haitians general: Francois Dominique Toussaint L’Ouverture
Plantations over run, French lose grip on control
Napoleon sends army to reestablish colonial control
1804: Haiti declares independence
 Congress of Vienna (1814-15) reestablishes Old Order
 Revolutions of 1848
 Revolts against the Old Order across Europe, fueled by
Nationalism
Roots of Revolution In
Latin America
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 Napoleon’s invasion of Iberia creates instability
 Portuguese king moves court to Brazil
 Spanish king forced to abdicate, replaced by
Napoleon’s brother
 La Junta Central
 Popular movements begin replacing Spanish colonial
rule
 Local Juntas begin taking power
 1810: Revolutionary sentiments grow
 Fight for Latin American independence begins
Spanish South America,
1810-1825
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 New government in Caracas run by white landowners
 Revolt by mixed-race and racial minorities
 New government appoints Simon Bolivar as military ruler
 Bolivar is a popular ruler—force of personality=loyalty
 Military advantage shift between loyalists & revolutionaries
 Political problems in Spain help independence movement
 Formation of independent “Gran Colombia”
 Union between Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela
 Bolivar’s army moves into Peru & Bolivia
 Junta in Buenos Aires overthrow viceroy in 1810
 1816: Declare independence for “United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata”
 San Martin leads forces into Chile & Peru
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Surrenders Peruvian forces to Bolivar who defeats the Spanish
 Juntas fail to establish a stable government in Argentina
Mexican
Independence
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 Mexico is Spain’s richest and most powerful colony
 Largest amount of immigrants from Spain
 Spaniards overthrow viceroy for being too sympathetic to creoles
 Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla’s peasant revolt—massacred whites
 Hidalgo is captured, executed in 1811
 Jose Maria Morelos takes over revolution
 Forms own government, constitution, but loses war against
loyalists
 1821: Colonel Agustin de Iturbide est. independent government
 Iturbide crowned emperor
 1823: Iturbide overthrown by army, republic established
Brazil
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 1808: Portuguese King John VI flees from Napoleon to Brazil
 1821: King John returns to Portugal to stop rebellions
 King John’s son Pedro is made regent of Brazil
 Free Spanish colonies push Brazilian elites to pull for ind.
 Pedro allies himself with independence movement, declares ind.
 Pedro is crowned Pedro I Emperor of Brazil
 Committed to monarchy and liberal principles
 Protected Portuguese property rights
 Disapproved of slavery
 1830: ended Brazil’s slave trade
 Elites disapprove and rebel, military costs hurt Brazilian economy
 Pedro abdicates the throne in 1831
 Emperor Pedro II rules until 1889, overthrown by republicans
Problems of Order
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 Constitutions seen as protection against tyranny
 At first experiments fail
 British Americans had longer history with democracy than did
Spanish and Portuguese Americans
 Latin American constitutional experiments
 Struggle to define role of church and military in the state
 Unification of Dominion of Canada—Confederation of 1867
 Personalist leaders—caudillos
 Andrew Jackson & Jose Antonio Paez (Ven.) expand their
authority
 Latin American countries begin to split, fracture in to regional
governments—eventually new nations are created
 Many fail to establish stable democratic governments
Europe in the Americas
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 War of 1812: Great Britain vs. United States
 Weakness shown by burning of Executive Mansion & Capitol
 Spanish-American War: United States is major military power
 Spain invades Mexico, Spanish invasion fails
 French invade Mexico for unpaid debt—Benito Juarez flees
 French install Emperor Maximilian, defeated by Juarez’s army
 May 5, 1862: Battle of Puebla
 Chile (with British help) fights Peru & Bolivia twice
 Argentina & Brazil fight for Uruguay—tie forces Ur.
independence
 War of the Triple Alliance Argentina, Brazil, & Uruguay vs.
Paraguay—Francisco Solano Lopez dies, Paraguay decimated
Redrawing Europe
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 Political nationalism takes hold in Italy & Germany
 Unification of Italy
 Congress of Vienna places northern Italy under Austrian control
 Southern Italy under tight Spanish control
 Count Camillo di Cavour, prime minister of Kingdom of Piedmont and
Sardinia under King Vittore Emmanuele II
 Joins forces with nationalists, Giuseppe Garibaldi
 Garibaldi hands southern Italy to Emmanuele, est. Kingdom of Italy
 Kingdom of Italy takes Venice and Rome later
 Unification of Germany
 King Wilhelm I of Prussia appoints Otto von Bismarck as PM
 Bismarck a believer in realpolitik
 Provokes wars with neighbors, raising nationalism—Prussia
victorious—Wilhelm names himself German Emperor of Second Reich
New Ideologies
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 Conservatism
 Society as a slowly changing organism
 Condemned “radical” revolution
 Edmund Burke praises American Rev, condemns French Rev
 Liberalism
 Change=progress
 Favored republican forms of government
 Rights can be curtailed, some groups exempt
 Limitations on voting rights, push to end slave trade,
Abolition, role of women in society