Transcript Unit 4 Review Slides

AP European History
Unit 4
1914 - Present
World War I = 1914 - 1919
The Rise of Fascism = 1920s and 1930s
The Great Depression = 1930s
World War II = 1939 - 1945
The Cold War = 1945 - 1991
Post Cold War Era = 1991 -
World War I (1914 – 1919)
Long-term Causes:
(MAIN) Militarization, alliance system, imperialism, nationalism
Immediate Cause:
Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria by a Serbian nationalist
New Technologies:
Machine gun, barbed wire, poison gas, tanks
Impact on Non-European groups:
Armenian massacred by Turks – the Armenian Genocide
Arabs revolted against the Turks
Japan joins on the side of the Allies and gets German colonies in China
Effects:
Peace treaties: Wilson’s idealism vs. France’s desire to punish Germany
Woodrow Wilson’s 14 points – one of them is national self-determination
Empires dismantled Russia, Austria and German and Democratic successor states
created in Eastern Europe: Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Yugoslavia.
The League of Nations created but weak: U.S., Soviet Union and Germany do
not join. The League of Nations also gave former German and Ottoman lands to
France and Great Britain as mandates – The Mandate System. Independence not
granted to colonies: Indian National Congress (INC) grows as nationalism
strengthens. Treaty of Versailles 1919 – guilt clause = reparations, accepted by
the Weimar Republic which some Germans felt had “stabbed them in the back”
Key Concept 4.1, I, II, VII
The Russian Revolution crated a regime (an imposed gov’t)
based on Marxist-Leninist theory
Key Concept 4.2, I
Russian Empire is replaced by the United Soviet Socialist Republic (U.S.S.R.) a/k/a Soviet Union:
Lenin writes 2 pamphlets:
“What is to be Done?” 1902
“Two Tactics of Social Democracy in The Bourgeois Democratic Revolution” 1905
Russian Revolution of January 1905 “Bloody Sunday,” Czar Nicholas II reacts by promising a Duma
and constitution then takes it away
February/March 1917 Revolution – Provisional gov’t replaces czarist gov’t
Liberals, populists and socialists upset.
October/November Revolution – Lenin and his Bolsheviks replace Provisional gov’t. Bolsheviks
were supported by soviets (workers and soldiers). The Petrograd (former St. Petersburg) Soviets
formed the first council.
Bolsheviks (The Red Army) enter into a civil war against (The White Army). Through “War
Communism” Bolsheviks took control of resources to win the civil war, through pogroms and
forced labor camps they incarcerated anti-Bolsheviks. After civil war is over…
New Economic Policy (NEP) – Lenin tries to help Russian economy by introducing free-market
reforms
Josef Stalin – new leader replaces NEP with Collectivization and Five-Year Plans. Other things
under Stalin: Great Purges, liquidation of the kulaks, Gulags (labor/prison camps), Cheka (secret
police)
The Interwar period 1920s and 1930s
Benito Mussolini
Key Concept 4.1, III and 4.2, II
Rise of Fascism (an ideology that believes in the strengthening of nations through expansion and
authoritarian rule). Causes: bitterness and humiliation of WWI results, fear of the rise of communism,
ineffectiveness of democratic institutions, economic instability, the rise of charismatic leaders, the use of
modern technology and propaganda and manipulation of mass politics to persuade the masses.
Proposed to fix economic problems through state regulation not ownership. It also promised to
counteract the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles by rearming the military and territorial expansion.
Nationalism, militarism and order by force.
Benito Mussolini – black shirts, 1922 Mussolini and other fascist elected to Italian Parliament, Il Duce,
persuades King Victor Emmanuel III to name him and other fascists to cabinet positions. As riots and
strikes continue and democratic, parliamentary government is unable to take control of Italy, king
appoints Mussolini prime minister, fascists continue to attack political enemies and close down
newspapers, outlaws other political parties, rules as dictator. Develops a cult-like following using
autobiographies, speeches, films, rallies, marches. Supported by the Catholic Populist Party.
Once in power Mussolini: Lateran Accord/Pacts 1929, a corporative state also known as Italian
corporatism, 22 assemblies of employers and employees created to oversee production and get rid of
competition, autarchy (autarky) make Italy’s economy independent, “battle for wheat” military spending,
increased patriarchy, Catholic Church disillusioned by 1930’s denounces fascism as the “pagan worship
of the state”
Effects elsewhere: Rise of The Popular Front in France Leon Blum, Socialist Jew.
The Interwar Period 1920’s 1930s’
Key Concept 4.1, III and 4.2 II
Review rise of Fascism in previous slide.
Adolf Hitler rises to power: German soldier in WWI, joins German Workers’ party in 1919, renames it
in 1920 the National Socialist German Workers’ Party the Nazi Party. In 1921 a paramilitary
organization formed, known as stormtroopers or S.A. led by Ernst Rohm, Beer Hall Putsch, jailed, Mein
Kampf, Jews and Communists had stabbed Germany in the back, create lebensraum, living space, at
expense of inferior Slavic peoples, Nazis win few seats in 1928 elections, 1929 stock market crashes in
U.S., The Great Depression starts. Article 48 of the Weimer Constitution allows President von
Hindenburg to appoint chancellor in case of emergency without consent of Reichstag, appoints Hitler in
1933. Reichstag Building in Berlin on fire, Nazis blame Communists, Enabling Acts approved giving
Adolf Hitler
Hitler unlimited emergency power over the government, by end of 1933 had banned al other political
National Socialist parties, totalitarian dictatorship in place. S.S. his body guards and the Gestapo (Nazi secret police). The
German
Third Reich, Hindenburg dies 1934, chancellor and President positions combined to the Fuhrer
Workers’ Party
positions combined.
(Nazi Party)
While in power: “Strength through Joy” program – working families take modest vacation trips,
rearmament and public works projects reduce unemployment, Volkswagen – the peoples’ car,
patriarchy increases, “Kinder Kuche, Kirch” (children, kitchen, church) new role for women, Joseph
Goebbels, minister of propaganda, Triumph of the Will, propaganda film of the Nuremberg rally of
1934, Anti-Semitism: 1935 Nuremberg Laws, Jews emigrate – Albert Einstein. Foreign policy:
lebensraum in Eastern Europe, inferior Slav peoples, signs non-aggression pact with Poland 1934 , 1936
occupy the Rhineland,
The Great Depression
Key Concept 4.2, III
A global capitalist economy had created economic interdependence among liberal, democratic,
capitalist states, connecting the economy of the U.S. with Western European states. When the U.S.
Stock Market Crashed in 1929, the economy of European states, trying to recoup their after WWI
collapsed as well.
Effects of the Great Depression:
Leads to the rise in extremist nationalist governments in Italy and Germany
Governments decrease spending and put up protectionist tariffs.
John Maynard Keynes – Keynesian economics – argues the opposite = increase government
spending by creating public works programs to put people back to work – deficit spending
Franklin D. Roosevelt does this in the U.S. – The New Deal
Meanwhile in the Soviet Union:
The Great Depression had no impact on Russia as it had retreated from a global, capitalist economy
after its Bolshevik Revolution. At this time Stalin is leading his collectivization and Five Year Plan
programs.
The Spanish Civil War 1936 - 1939
Francisco Franco - Spain
Key Concept 4.2, III, C
Francisco Franco - Nationalist, aided by Mussolini and Hitler. Gives Hitler an
opportunity to test the German Airforce (Luftwaffe)
Vs.
Republicans, Popular Front, liberals, aided by volunteers only, liberal democratic
states did not provide aid.
The arts reflects this event: Ernest Hemingway’s For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940)
and George Orwell’s Homage to Catalonia (1938).
Pablo Picasso’s Guernica
Results:
Spain will be ruled by Francisco Franco – authoritarian rule from 1936 to 1970s.
Meanwhile…, outside of Spain???
Democracy did not work in the successor states of Eastern Europe created after
WWI: Poland, Hungary and Romania, Instead, authoritarian dictatorships took
power in Central and Eastern Europe
World War II
Key Concept 4.1, III, B, C and D,
Definition: A conflict between liberal democracies, temporarily allied with
communist Russia, and fascist states, leading to defeat of fascism.
Causes: French and British fears of another war, American isolationism, distrust
between Western democratic, capitalist nations and communist Soviet Union which
led to the rearmament of fascist states, early expansion of Hitler was answered with
Britain’s appeasement policy. Early Fascist expansion includes Hitler’s
remilitarization of the Rhineland, Mussolini’s Italian invasion of Ethiopia, Hitler’s
Annexation of Austria, Hitler’s violation of the Munich Agreement, Hitler’s NaziSoviet Non-Aggression Pact
Actual War: Germany’s Blitzkrieg “lighting war” and Japan’s expansionism in Asia
led to Axis victories initially, U.S. and British industrial, scientific and technological
power and alliance with Russia led to Allied victories.
Military technologies impacted industrialized warfare and genocide, besides Jews,
Nazis targeted Roma, homosexuals, people with disabilities. Fueled by racism and
anti-Semitism, Nazi Germany with the cooperation of some of the other Axis
powers and collaborationist governments (Vichy government of France) sought a
new racial order through the Nuremberg Laws, Wannsee Conference (The Final
Solution), Auschwitz and other death camps culminating in the Holocaust.
Key Concept 4.3, I, III, IV, 4.4, I
The Impact of Conflicts on
Religion, Intellectual Thought and the Arts
Before WWI, Europeans were confident due to the Enlightenment ideas, Auguste Comte’s Positivism and warmongering or
nationalist Europeans eager to plunge into war to prove the superiority of their nation.
After WWI, Dadaism, an art movement, reacted against the absurdities of war by creating absurd art. After WWII, Jean Paul
Sartre helped bring in a new movement known as existentialism, a philosophical movement that rejected all abstract ideas in
the quest for ethics by establishing an individualistic, personal approach to moral decisions. Existentialist of this era advocated
that an individual must assume ultimate responsibility for acts of free will without any certain knowledge of what is right or
wrong or good or bad.
Religion:
Before this era, Leo XIII's encyclical known as Rerum Novarum (Rights and Duties of Capital and Labor), issued 1891, stated
that private property ownership was acceptable but recognized that capitalism also had faults. Declared that much in socialism
is Christian in principle but, as practiced by many, said socialism was also materialistic and anti-religious. Suggested that
Catholics form their own socialist parties/unions. This led to the creation of new conservative political parties, Christian
Democratic Party in several states. Beginning in 1962, Vatican II or the Second Vatican Council, was a Vatican Council called
by Pope John XXIII leading to changes in the Catholic Church, like using vernacular language and not Latin in Masses. A Polish
cardinal was named Pope in 1978, Pope John Paul II. He became a critic of western materialism and an advocate for social
justice. He openly identified with the Solidarity movement in his native country of Poland. Many think his visit to Poland
strengthened the Solidarity Movement leading to the collapse of communism in 1989.
As WWII ended, a Cold War began
Key Concept 4.1, IV
The Cold War lasted from 1947 to 1991. It was between the liberal democratic West, led by the U.S. and the communist
East, led by the Soviet Union. It was based on opposing ideologies and fueled by an arms race and the proliferation of
nuclear weapons. In Europe the “Iron Curtain”, a phrase used by Winston Churchill described the lack of contact with
Eastern European states which had become satellite states of the U.S.S.R. during the Cold War. The Cold war can be seen in
the economic aid given to Western European states by the U.S. after WWII to building up their war-torn economy and avoid
revolutions. This was known as the Marshall Plan, which was answered with Soviet aid to their satellite states known as
COMECON or the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. The U.S. continued to promote global capitalist trade and In
1947 member nations of Western Europe and the U.S. entered into a trade agreement that reduced tariffs and led to
liberalizing global trade. This was known as the General Agreement on tariffs and Trade, or GATT. In 1995 the World Trade
Organization, or WTO replaced GATT. Militarily the Cold War can be seen with the creation of NATO, or the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization where the U.S. and Western European states pledged to defend each other if attacked which was
answered with the Soviet creation of the Warsaw Pact. Examples of Cold War tension in Europe can be seen in the
separation of West and East Germany and the separation of the city of Berlin, located in East Germany. The Cold War also
affected non-European states leading to hot wars in which the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. supported opposite sides. Examples
are: Korean War 1950s; Vietnam War 1960s, 1970s; In the Middle East, the Yom Kippur War in 1973 resulting from a
surprise attack on Israel by Egypt and Syria, following the previous confrontation in Latin America in 1962 known as the
Cuban Missile Crisis. Between 1979 and 1989 a hot war was fought in Afghanistan where the Soviet-backed government
fought rebels aided by the U.S. Cold War Russian leaders include: Stalin, Khrushchev, Brezhnev and Gorbachev.
During the Cold War era, Western European states
were able to integrate economically
Key
Concept
4.1, V
In response to the destructive impact of two world wars, European nations began to set aside nationalism in favor of
economic and political integration, forming a series of transnational unions that grew in size during the 20th century.
In 1948 the Benelux Economic Union was formed by Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands, ensuring the free
circulation of persons, goods, capital, and services by following a coordinated policy in the economic, financial, and social
fields and by pursuing a common policy with regard to foreign trade.
In 1951 the European Coal and Steel Community was formed when Jean Monnet came up with a plan that was proposed by
Robert Schuman, French foreign minister, which proposed establishing a common market for coal and steel. This would
eliminate import duties and quotes on heavy industry by placing the production the control of a president and a council of
ministers in charge of this supranational organization. This brought West Germany, France and Italy together as member
nations thus eliminating the chance of them producing weapons against each other. The Benelux countries also joined.
In 1957 the Treaty of Rome created the European Economic Community (EEC) signed by the Benelux countries, France and
West Germany. The EEC was designed to create a common market among its members through the elimination of most trade
barriers and the establishment of a common external trade policy. Politically, it was the hope that it would lessen the
tensions resulting from WWII and bring reconciliation to France and Germany.
In 1992, the Maastricht Treaty created the European Union (EU) with supranational institutions such as the European
Parliament and European Council
In 2002 the EU introduced a common currency known as the Euro. Euro requirements on member nations include: a limit
on the national debt, low inflation, political freedoms, freedom of speech, no death penalty and protection of human rights.
In 2004, 10 states joined the EU: the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania (all former Soviet satellite states),
and Cyprus, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia.
Eastern European states became satellite states of the Soviet
Key Concept 4.2, V, A and B
Union during the Cold War 1945 - 1968
Towards the end of WWII, Stalin’s army moved throughout Eastern Europe to liberate them from German Nazi occupation. In
Stalin’s mind, liberation meant occupation as he imposed a Soviet political and economic system on these Eastern states
which became known as Soviet satellite states which Winston Churchill described as living under an “iron curtain from Stettin
in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic.” In 1947 under Stalin, the Soviets reestablished control of Communist parties
throughout Europe by renaming the old Communist International or Comintern to Communist Information Bureau or
Cominform. They also replaced coalition governments in Central and Eastern Europe with government controlled solely by
Communist parties. Economically, Central and Eastern European nations which became Soviet satellite states followed the
Soviet model of centralized planning and collectivization of agriculture and nationalizing the economy. Forbidding them to
accept Marshall Plan aid, the Soviet Union established the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance in 1949 or Comecon. A
military defense treaty known as the Warsaw Pact kept a Soviet military presence in these satellite states. In 1953 Nikita
Krushchev became the new Soviet leader after Stalin’s death. He denounced Stalin in what’s been called the “secret speech.”
Thinking this would lead to easing up of Soviet control of their satellite states, a revolt broke out in Budapest, Hungary in
1956 against their communist government, backed up by the Soviet Union but was quickly crushed by Krushchev, who
ordered that Soviet tanks move in to stop it. In 1968 the Prague Spring occurred in Czechoslovakia. This was an attempt to
introduce democratic reforms from its new leader, Alexander Dubcek. It was a nonviolent movement but Leonid Brezhnev of
the Soviet Union sent in Warsaw Pact troops and tanks, crushing the rebellion. He justified these actions by declaring what
became known as the Brezhnev Doctrine: “When forces that are hostile to socialism try to turn the development of some
socialist country towards capitalism, it becomes not only a problem of the country concerned, but a common problem and
concern of all socialist countries.” Meaning that it was the foreign policy of the Soviet Union to intervene in revolts.
Also occurring in 1968…
Student protest, Paris, France 1968
Key Concept 4.4, I, C
In 1968, intellectuals and youth reacted against perceived bourgeois
materialism and decadence with revolts, the biggest ones being in Paris,
France. A youth culture had developed in the 1960s, partly as a result of the
“baby boom”, an extraordinary number of births in the decade and a half after
the Second World War. Student rebellions occurred in the U.S., West German,
Italian and Spanish universities but the biggest one was in Paris. Grievances in
the overcrowded universities sparked a revolt that led to demonstrations by
hundreds of thousands of students and then brought 10 million workers out
on strike. They rebelled against racial injustice, colonialism, the decadence of
the bourgeois society, nuclear destruction, the Vietnam War and glorified antiestablishment leaders such as Fidel Castro, Che Guevara, Ho Chi Minh and
Mao Zedong. They attacked materialism, affluence and conformity and the
power structure of contemporary society.
Why France? By the 1960s France had become the world’s 5th industrial power, behind the U.S., the U.S.S.R., West Germany
and Japan, it had become the 4th nation, along with the U.S., U.S.S.R., and Britain to develop a nuclear capacity. The
President, Charles De Gaulle, even created an independent nuclear strike force. This occurred during his presidency and the
Fifth French Republic.
The fall of communism in Eastern Europe 1989
Key Concept 4.2, V, C and D
In 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev, Soviet leader, introduced two reforms: perestroika and glasnost. In perestroika he wanted to
reform or restructure the command economy that had existed since Stalin in order to improve the stagnant Soviet economy.
He wanted to decentralize the economy, freeing it up from the restraints of the government in order to raise productivity, raise
the quality of products and satisfy consumer needs. In order to restructure the economy he needed the support of the country
so he called for glasnost, or openness. This now gave the people the right to voice the need for change, the freedom to
criticize the existing system. He liberalized the press after decades of totalitarian oppression. He permitted dissidents who had
been exiled to return, he permitted Jews to emigrate. People became freer and less fearful to speak out as civil liberties and
freedom of expression were written into new legal codes. The 1998 Constitutional reforms created a new national legislature
where multiple party elections replaced the traditional one-party ones of the past. The loosening of totalitarian control
unleashed long-suppressed ethnic tensions and a rise of nationalist secessionist movements in Azerbaijan, Armenia and
Georgia. The Baltic republics of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia asked for independence.
In Poland, a workers union known as Solidarity, led by Lech Walesa had formed in the 1980s which called for democratic
reform and multi-party elections. A visit from Pope John Paul II also inspired demonstrations for freedom. Gorbachev’s
liberalizing reforms led the Polish Communist leader Jaruzelski to permit parliamentary elections in 1989. The Solidarity party
won and Lech Walesa became President. The new government restructured the economy allowing for free-market reforms. In
Hungary, after Gorbachev’s 1985 reforms, the government allowed for democratic reforms, abolished the Communist party and
a revolution without bloodshed occurred. It implemented civic freedoms and a market-oriented economy. It cut the barbedwire barrier with Austria so East Germans were able to go from East Germany to Austria to West Germany.
The fall of communism in Eastern Europe 1989
Key Concept 4.2, V, C and D
In the two Germanies, in 1969 William Brandt, leader of West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany) initiated his policy of
Ostpolitik, to open up diplomatic relations, or normalize relations, with East Germany (German Democratic Republic). This
normalization of relations between Willy Brandt of West Germany and Erich Honecker of East Germany. Seeing the reforms
in Russia under Gorbachev and the impact it had on Poland and Hungary, and after a massive exodus of East Germans to West
Germany via Hungary, East Germans began to demonstrate against their government. Honecker resigned and the new
government promised elections while Berliners on both sides began to tear down the wall. Once the German Democratic
Republic was no longer Communist, pressure for reunification was initiated by West German Helmut Kohl, the Christian
Democratic chancellor. This “German question” was met with some hesitation from France and Britain who were afraid of a
renewed, strong German nation. After approval from the four Allied powers and the U.S.S.R., in 1990, the two German states
merged their economies and the West German mark became the common currency. The Federal Republic of Germany with
its capital Berlin was formed, headed by Chancellor Helmut Kohl and his Christian Democratic Party.
A totally different outcome in 1989 than what had occurred back in 1968 resulted in Czechoslovakia. Known as the “velvet
revolution” because of its peaceful nature, the democratic movement began with an organization of intellectuals known as
“Charter ’77” who rallied against dictatorship. Demonstrations in Prague demanded an end to the party-state dictatorship.
Alexander Dubcek, the hero of 1968 appeared on a balcony alongside a new reform-minded Communist prime minister and
promised free press and free elections. Gorbachev withdrew Soviet troops that had been stationed in Czechoslovakia since
1968. Romania’s revolution was the most violent as dictator Nicholae Ceausescu refused to step down. The angry
demonstrators in Bucharest forced him to flee and once caught he was executed by a firing squad.
Nationalism leads to genocide in the Balkans and
instability in some former Soviet republics Key Concept 4.2, V, D
The communist dictator of Yugoslavia known as Tito, broke from Moscow control and set up a federal republic with six
republics in 1946: Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia, Montenegro and Macedonia. He was a Croat but he suppressed all
separatist movements as dictator so he was able to silence nationalist tensions in the Balkan Peninsula until he died in
1980, and separatist movements reemerged. When communism collapsed all over eastern Europe in 1989, Yugoslavia
collapsed as well. Slobodan Milosevic a Serbian nationalist rose to power while Croatia and Slovenia held referenda in
1991 proclaiming their independence. Muslims dominated the population of Bosnia and declared Bosnia’s independence
as well. The secession of Croatia, Slovenia and Bosnia led Milosevic to declare war on the secessionist states. The worst
violence occurred when both Serbs and Croats attempted to create enclaves for themselves in Bosnia by conducting
“ethnic cleansing” campaigns against the Muslim population in a siege of the Bosnian capital, Sarajevo. The U.N., U.S.,
and NATO mediated a seize fire in 1994, threatening air strikes if it were violated. In response to Serbs occupying territory
in Bosnia and Croatia, the Croatian army repulsed the Serb military, undertaking their own “ethnic cleansing” program.
The Dayton Accords in 1995 created a peace settlement and Serbia agreed to the terms in 1996. In 1998 Milosevic
launched an attack on the province of Kosovo against Albanian Muslims who made up 90% of the population in response
to their growing separatist movement, again undertaking “ethnic cleansing” of Albanian Muslims in Kosovo. In 1999 NATO
led air strikes, Milosevic was indicted for war crimes by the international court at The Hague and died in prison awaiting
trial.
The Post World War II economic growth supported
an increase in welfare benefits.
Key Concept 4.2, IV, A and B.
The Truman Doctrine in 1947 pledged that the U.S would help Western European states threatened by Communist. This
was prompted by the need to give aid to Greece and Turkey in response to communist threat. This was followed by the
Marshall Plan in 1948 also known as the European Recovery Program wherein the U.S. provided funds to Western
European states in order to rebuild after WWII, financing extensive reconstruction of industry and infrastructure and
stimulating an extended period of economic growth often referred to as the “economic miracle” which increased the
economic and cultural importance of consumerism, especially for Western Germany.
Post WWII elections ousted Conservative Tory leader Winston Churchill and brought in a Labour government for the first
time led by PM Clement Attlee from 1945 to 1951, leading to a welfare state. The Labour government nationalized the
Bank of England, the coal mines, electricity and gas, iron and steel. With an increase in taxation, it expanded the social
insurance program guaranteeing full employment and national health insurance in what’s been called a “cradle to grave”
social welfare program. This domestic spending was in part the reason for its inability to maintain its colony of India after
WWII. This all came to an end in 1975 with the rise of Conservative/Tory PM Margaret Thatcher and her return to
privatization of most of the British economy and cutbacks on the dole. Her view was that government welfare created
dependency in people.
Decolonization after WWII - Asia
Key Concept 4.1, VII, C
Despite indigenous nationalist movements, independence for many African and Asian territories was delayed until the mid and
even 20th century by the imperial powers’ reluctance to relinquish control, threats of interference from other nations, unstable
economic and political systems and Cold war strategic alignments. The process of decolonization occurred over the course of
the 20th century with varying degrees of cooperation, interference, or resistance from European imperialist states.
Cooperation explains the Independence of India. The Indian National Congress (INC) had formed in 1885 with Gandhi and
Nehru as leaders. The Muslim League was founded in 1906 with Muhammad Ali Jinnah as leader. British Labour Party
granted independence after WWWII and India was well prepared to govern, aided by these nationalist leaders and the British
trained Indian civil service. Britain granted two independence, India (Hindu populated) and Pakistan (Muslim populated).
Kashmir was populated by Muslims but the prince a Hindu maharajah, joined India. Dispute over Kashmir remained ongoing
between India and Pakistan.
Indonesia was a Dutch colony until taken over by Japan in WWII. At the end of the war when the Japanese were ousted the
Indonesian Nationalist leader Sukarno took over before the Dutch could return, declaring Indonesia independent in 1947.
Sukarno began with a parliamentary constitutional program but turned into a populist dictator cultivating friendships with the
Soviet Union and Communist China.
French Indochina which included Vietnam demanded independence. Ho Chi Minh head of the independence movement, the
Viet Minh fought the Japanese back in 1941 mobilizing guerrilla armies. As a nationalist, anti-colonialist and anti-Westerner,
he led Communist armies and fought the French armies in 1946 and later invaded South Vietnam by crossing the 17th parallel
line, leading the U.S. to become involved in an attempt to contain Communism in S.E. Asia.
Decolonization after WWII - Africa
Key Concept 4.1, VII, C
In French Northern Africa, the Maghreb region included Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria and Arab nationalism led to
independence after WWII. Algeria had been colonized by France by the mid 19th century due to a decaying Ottoman Empire.
The French implemented a policy of assimilation to French and European ways. The colons were French who had lived in
Algeria for several generations and did not want Algerian independence. In 1954 the National Liberation Front (FLN), an
Arab nationalist group, began a fierce guerrilla war against the French. General Charles de Gaulle was sent in to stop it and
the French army leaders were surprised when he arranged a cease-fire and negotiated autonomy and self-determination for
the Algerians. In 1962 Algeria became independent. Following independence, many Algerians migrated to France to escape
an Arab Muslims dominated government or for economic opportunities.
In South Africa, descendants of white Dutch Calvinist immigrants that had arrived at Cape Town back in 1652, came to
power in 1948. These white, descendants of the Dutch called themselves Afrikaaners. Once in power they put in place a
policy known as apartheid which called for the separation or segregation of blacks from political life, landownership, housing
and employment. Between 1950 and 1980 nonwhites in the cities were forced to leave white areas of residence and
relocate. Nelson Mandela, the black leader of the African National Congress (ANC) was sentenced to prison in the 1960s.
In 1989 President F.W. de Klerk led a reform program, in 1990 he freed Nelson Mandela and in 1991 he repealed all
apartheid laws. In 1994 South Africa had its first democratic nonracial elections bringing Nelson Mandela and the ANC to
power.