Transcript REVIEW FOR THE UNIT 12 TEST

REVIEW FOR THE
UNIT 13 TEST
The Cold War
REVIEW FOR THE
UNIT 13 TEST
INSTRUCTIONS:
Go through the slides and answer each
question in the packet; the slide numbers are
listed for each question
After WWII, the United States and the Soviet Union
were the world’s two “superpowers”
The “Cold War” was the rivalry between the US and
the USSR (or Soviet Union) where they competed
militarily and economically
A “hot” war is a war fought
the usual way: with weapons
and soldiers; because of the
threat of nuclear
destruction, the US and USSR
did not fight a “hot” war
Instead, the USA and USSR engaged in a
“cold” war, doing everything just short of
openly fighting to hurt the enemy
WHAT IS “IDEOLOGY”?
An IDEOLOGY is a
philosophy, or a
way of thinking
Ideologies of nations
can be based on
politics, economics,
or religion
What were the
major ideologies
of the USA and
the USSR?
The Cold War was
an era of
competing
ideologies: the USA
promoted
democracy and
capitalism while
the USSR believed
in totalitarianism
and communism
President
Truman created
a foreign policy
called
containment to
stop Soviet
influence and
stop the spread
of communism;
containment was
the U.S.’s
primary goal in
the Cold War
Stalin failed to
keep his promise
of allowing free
elections in
Eastern Europe
after WWII; this
was the main
cause of distrust
between the US
and the USSR
after the war
The “Marshall Plan”
had the goal of
stopping the spread
of communism by
providing money to
war-torn European
nations (making
them economically
strong enough to
prevent communism
from taking hold)
M=
The United States
formed the
North Atlantic
Treaty Organization
(NATO), a military
alliance that had
the goal of
resisting Soviet
aggression and
protecting
democratic nations
Europe was divided by the figurative “iron curtain”
that separated democratic/capitalist Western Europe
from communist/totalitarian Eastern Europe
“IRON CURTAIN”:
nickname for the
boundary between
the two sides
WESTERN EUROPE:
Capitalism and
Democracy
EASTERN EUROPE:
Communism and
Totalitarianism
The countries directly east of the boundary in
the middle were called “Soviet satellite nations”
Satellites: East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia,
Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria; these countries served as a
“buffer zone” between the USSR and the West, which was
a major victory for the USSR in the Cold War
The best
example of the
success of
America’s
“containment”
policy was
preventing
communism
from spreading
into Greece
and Turkey by
giving them
military aid
ARMS RACE: The United States were the first to
develop the hydrogen bomb, and the Soviet Union
tested their own hydrogen bomb soon after that
Mutually Assured Destruction: If nuclear war
happened, it would be likely that both sides would be
destroyed, along with the rest of the world; this is
what made the US and USSR hesitant to go to war
This map shows that the US and USSR had
enough nuclear missiles to destroy each other
(Mutually Assured Destruction)
The USA was afraid of a “domino theory” in which
communist nations make their neighbors fall to
communism; this was the reason for U.S. intervention
in Korea and Vietnam during the Cold War
Outcome of the
Korean War: the
USA successfully
stopped
communism
from spreading
into South Korea
and showed that
it was willing to
fight to contain
communism
In the 1950s,
President
Eisenhower
escalated the Cold
War by using
“brinkmanship”:
threatening to use
nuclear weapons
and willingness to go
to the brink of war
If the USSR
attacked a
NATO
member, the
U.S. would
attack every
major Soviet
city and
military target;
this policy was
called
“massive
retaliation”
China had a civil
war before and
after WWII; Mao
Zedong was the
leader of the
Communist
faction
Mao’s Communist
Party gained
popularity among
poor peasants by
dividing land
among the
peasants, while
the Nationalists
ignored their
problems
In 1949, the Communists won the Civil War and
Mao created the Peoples’ Republic of China
Mao’s
“Great Leap
Forward”
Mao began a program
called the “Great Leap
Forward”; similar to
Stalin’s “Five Year
Plans”, it had the goal
of improving
agricultural and
industrial production
The goal of the Cultural Revolution was to
reinforce Communist values in China and
attack traditional Chinese ideas
Mao distributed to all Chinese citizens the “Little
Red Book,” a book of his quotes that reinforced
what was acceptable for Chinese communists
Part of the
“Cultural
Revolution” was
closing schools
and universities,
burning books;
the Communists
also humiliated,
beat, arrested,
and killed
people who
were critics of
Mao’s programs
Much like the “Reign of Terror” during the French
Revolution, the Cultural Revolution used violence to
eliminate or silence opponents and critics
BERLIN: A DIVIDED CITY IN HOSTILE TERRITORY
Communist
East Berlin
Democratic
West Berlin
The German city of Berlin became divided after WWII
into a communist part and a democratic part
Much like
Berlin in
Germany,
Vietnam had
become
divided: North
Vietnam was
communist,
while South
Vietnam was
democratic
When communist leader
Ho Chi Minh gained
independence for
Vietnam, the USA feared
communism spreading in
Southeast Asia
The U.S. sent troops to
Vietnam to stop the spread of
communism, just like they
had done in Korea
The American military
used bombing raids,
herbicides, and searchand-destroy missions
to fight the Vietcong
CUBA
Much like Ho Chi Minh had done in
Vietnam, Fidel Castro became the leader
of a communist government in Cuba
In 1957,
the USSR
launched
Sputnik,
the first
satellite in
space
Sputnik shocked the U.S., which then
encouraged Americans to focus on math,
science, and technology education
The Berlin Wall was built by the
communists to prevent East
Germans from moving into the
democratic Western part of Berlin
The Soviets were winning the “Space Race”, which led
to President Kennedy committing the U.S. to being
the first to land on the Moon
In 1969, Apollo 11 landed
U.S. astronauts on the moon
During the Cold War, the USA and USSR created
intelligence agencies, the CIA and KGB, in order
to carry out covert operations (spying,
espionage, sabotage, assassinations)
In the 1970s, President Nixon’s policy of
détente (easing Cold War tensions)
replaced the policy of brinkmanship
(always willing to go to the edge of war)
In 1972, Nixon
became the
first U.S.
president to
visit China and
to recognize
communists as
the legitimate
government of
China; this
opened up
AmericanChinese
relations
The USA and USSR signed the Strategic Arms
Limitation Talks (SALT) which limited the
number of ICBMs each nation could have
In response to the USSR moving nuclear missiles into
Cuba, the US set up a naval blockade to prevent any
more military supplies from getting to Cuba
After nearly going to war, the Soviets
withdrew its nuclear missiles from Cuba
The USSR invaded Afghanistan to put down
an anti-communist revolt and maintain a
communist government there
Mikhail Gorbachev
was different leader
than Nikita
Khrushchev:
Gorbachev limited
nuclear weapons
while Khrushchev
had built an
enormous number
of missiles and
spread them to Cuba
One of
Gorbachev’s
reforms was
“perestroika”,
where the Soviet
economy was
changed by
allowing some
private ownership
of business
“Don't Be Afraid of Work.”
Another reform by Gorbachev was glasnost
(“openness”), which encouraged freedom of
speech and allowed expression of new ideas
“Be Bold,
Comrade!
Openness
Is Our
Strength!”
After Stalin’s death,
new USSR leader
Nikita Khrushchev
began a series of
reforms known as
“de-Stalinization”,
which included
releasing political
prisoners and
relaxing censorship
Reagan’s most ambitious program was the Strategic
Defense Initiative (SDI), called “Star Wars”: satellites with
lasers designed to protect the U.S. from missile attacks
In November 1989, the Berlin Wall was torn
down by celebrating East Berliners and West
Berliners; this was the symbolic end of
communism and the Cold War
From 1989 to 1991, nations of
the USSR and Eastern Europe
broke away from Soviet control;
they had free elections and
became democratic
The fall of the Berlin Wall and the break-up of the
Soviet Union into fifteen separate nations signified
the end of the Cold War
THE FORMER
SOVIET UNION:
Russia, Estonia,
Latvia, Lithuania,
Belarus, Ukraine,
Moldova, Armenia,
Georgia,
Azerbaijan,
Turkmenistan,
Uzbekistan,
Tajikistan,
Kyrgyzstan,
Kazakhstan
A combination of internal problems and external
pressures weakened the Soviet Union, much like what
had happened to the Roman Empire back in 476 BCE
SOVIET
UNION
ROMAN
EMPIRE
WHAT CAUSED THE USSR TO BREAK
UP AND COMMUNISM TO FALL?
(1) Reagan’s strong stand
against the communists and
outspending the USSR in the
arms race they could not afford
(2) Gorbachev’s
introduction of reforms
made the flaws of
communism as an
economic system clear
to the Russian people
(3) Gorbachev allowing Eastern European countries to have a
taste of democracy and freedom made those countries want
more; they broke free of the Soviets’ influence
WHAT IS THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION?
“The Industrial Revolution” refers to the time period
when there was a huge increase of machine-made
goods in factories, which replaced work done by hand
IMPERIALISM IN ASIA
The Dutch
profited from
rubber, tin, oil
resources and
cash-crop
plantations
The French
profited
from rice
plantations
as well as
cash-crops
(coffee, tea,
spices)
The end result of the Russian Revolution of
1917 is that Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks
transformed Russia into the world’s first
Communist nation, called the Soviet Union
The Treaty of Versailles ended World War I between
Germany and the Allies; the Treaty led to the
economic collapse of Germany by forcing the
Germans to pay high war reparations
Fascist governments (like Mussolini’s and
Hitler’s) and Communist governments (like
Stalin’s) shared the belief that totalitarian
dictators should rule their people
“IF YOU HAVE
CORRECTLY
ANSWERED ALL
OF THE
QUESTIONS ON
YOUR REVIEW
PACKET, YOU
WILL BE READY
FOR THE UNIT
13 TEST.”