Transcript World War 1 - HCC Learning Web

Professor Shawna Williams
Texas Southern University/
Houston Community College
US History after 1877
World War 1
Presentation
World War I
War in Europe, 1914
U.S. initially neutral
U.S. joins Allies, 1917
War replaces reform
Progressive Era ends
©2008 TeachersBrunch.com
Inherited Commitments and New
Directions, 1913 to 1917
• Anti-Imperialism, Intervention, and
Arbitration
• Wilson and the Mexican Revolution
▫ Wilson’s expectations for a “constitutional
government”
▫ Presented a new moral dimension to US
diplomatic recognition
▫ Pancho Villa
p. 559
Map 20-1, p. 561
p. 562
Statistics
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World War One included:
3 Continents
31 Countries
65 Million Soldiers
37 Million Casualties
91,198 Deaths by Gas
6,395 Allied and Neutral Ships Lost
$186.3 Billion Financial Losses
Causes of Impending War
Militarism
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Arms Race
Large Standing Armies
Inferior view of Opposing Countries
Detailed Battle Plans
 Schlieffen Plan (Germany)
 Plan 17 (France)
Alliances
Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
Triple Entente: France, England, Russia
Problem: borders not aligned geographically
Imperialism
Competition for resources
Nationalism
Intense Rivalries, Competition for Resources
Territorial disputes
http://www.history.com/videos/causes-of-world-war-i#causes-ofworld-war-i
BRITAIN
• Ruled an Empire
▫ Had to protect it
• Owned rich industries
• Needed strong navy due to being an island
FRANCE
• Overseas Empire
• Resented losing Alsace and Lorraine
▫ Franco-Prussian War 1871
RUSSIA
• Poor but biggest
country in Europe
• Ruled by Tsar
Nicholas II
• No lands overseas
• Wanted Land in
Europe and Asia with
access to the sea.
Russian empire in 1914
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
• Central European
Empire
• 10 different
nationalities
▫ Many of them wanted
independence
• Ruled by Franz
Joseph II
Austria Hungary Empire 1913
GERMANY
• Small Empire
• Ruled by Kaiser Wilhelm II
• Jealous of Britain’s superior sea power and
colonies
• Wanted to increase German influence and
wealth
The Spark!
• The Balkans
▫ Austro/Hungarian Empire holds Bosnia-Herzegovina
▫ Ethnically Slavic (As are Russians and Serbs)
• Assassination of Arch Duke Ferdinand of Austro-Hung
▫ Black Hand Society (Serbs)
▫ Austria gives Serbia an Ultimatum
A Disastrous Chain of Events
▫ June 28th – August 4th 1914
Assassination of Arch Duke Ferdinand
Austro-Hung declares war on Serbia
Russia vows to Protect Serbia
Germany vows to protect Austro-Hung
Russia mobilizes to German/Polish Border
Germany fears attack and attacks Russia
France allies with Russia based on old treaty
Germany invades France through Belgium and
Luxemburg
 Britain declares war on Germany for invasion
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“A
Jolly Little War”
Millions rush off to war expecting to be home for Christmas.
• Nations Take Sides
▫ Allies
 France-Great Britain-Russia-Italy-U.S.-Japan
▫ Central Powers
 Germany-Austria/Hungary-Ottoman Empire
The Battle Plans for Victory?
• Schlieffen Plan
▫ Germany’s problem was a war on two fronts
▫ Invade France by way of Luxemburg/Belgium defeat France quickly
▫ Turn to the Eastern Front and defeat Russia
• Plan 17
▫ Frances plan to invade Germany across the open plain of Alsace-Lorraine
with bicycles and horses.
When Battle Plans Fail
Stalemate
• Plans Fail
▫ Plans are based on false assumptions of enemy
strength
▫ Plan 17 fails, German defenses are much to strong
▫ Schlieffen invasion starts well, ends bad
 Belgium and France do not have the infrastructure to
support German advance
▫ Battle of the Marne
 600 taxi cabs rush French & British forces to the
battle
 Hold line 40 miles from Paris
 Stalemate on the Western Front
Western Front
• Trench Warfare on FrenchGerman Boarder
▫ 500 miles of Trench from
North Sea to the Alps
▫ 1 – 10 miles across
▫ Battles
 Verdun, Marne, Somme
Valley
 German Hindenburg Line
Battle of Marne
• France & Germany
• Sept. 5-12, 1914
• France on the Marne
River near Paris
▫ France able to
prevent Germany
from a swift victory
but unable to
defeat the army,
held them outside
of Paris.
Battle of Verdun
• France & Germany
• Feb. 21-Dec. 18, 1916
• Verdun, France
▫ France regained
Verdun, but suffered
huge casualties.
▫ One million Germans
v. 200,000 French
soldiers, Longest
battle of WWI.
Battle of Somme
• France & Britain v.
Germany
• July 1 – Nov. 18, 1916
• In France at the Somme
River
▫ The largest battles of
the war, the bloodiest, 1
million casualties.
 Germany withdraws 40
miles & tactical and
strategic effects
favorable to Allies.
 http://www.history.com/videos/1916-battle-ofthe-somme#1916-battle-of-the-somme
Trench Warfare
• Trench Warfare
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Forced by new weapons into the ground
3ft to 10 ft trenches 100 – 1000yds. apart
Land in Middle is called “No Mans Land”
System of attack – counter attack
Fortified by machine guns, gas, artillery and cement
World War I Weapons
• Tank
▫ Armor protection, mobile gun, unreliable in WWI
• Submarine
▫ German U-Boat, Torpedoes, Shipping Blockades
• Poison Gas
▫ Mustard Gas & Chlorine, Choked-Blinded & Killed
• Machine Gun
▫ Caused Trench warfare, Two men could operate
• Air Plane
▫ Air recon., Bombing, Dog Fighting
Weapons Pictures
Gas
Weapons Pictures Continued
Tanks & Machine Guns
Weapons Pictures Continued 2
War in the Sky
Truly Global War
• Imperial Interest
▫ Countries need to protect Imperial Territory
▫ Used subjects to fight to a European War
▫ Establish new world dominance
Battle of Gallipoli
• Gallipoli Peninsula
▫ April 25, 1915
• Casualties
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Turkish 250,000
Allied Forces
British – 205,000
French – 43,000
ANZAC – 36,000
• Territory Gained
▫ ZERO!!!!!
Asian Conflicts
• Japan
▫ Take German land in
China
▫ Take German South
Pacific Is.
• India
▫ 1.3 Million Indians
Fight for Great
Britain, their Imperial
Rulers.
American Neutrality
• Examine Wilson’s Declaration of Neutrality
• Find significant quotes that reflect the main point of
his speech
• In what ways does Wilson’s Declaration of
Neutrality reflect Washington’s initial Proclamation
of Neutrality? Find textual evidence.
Preparedness & Peace
1. German unrestricted submarine warfare
Sinking of the Lusitania
2. Wilson’s “preparedness campaign”
 National Defense Act (June 1916)
3. Wilson wins reelection in 1916
“He kept us out of war!”
http://www.history.com/videos/u-boats-sink-the-lusitania-in-1915#u-boats-sink-the-lusitania-in-1915
The Zimmerman Note
• What is Germany promising?
• What historical event is being referenced?
• Why can we consider this a cause of U.S. entrance to WWI?
US Declares War
• Unrestricted Submarine Warfare: German
U-boats attack US supply ships heading to
Britain
• Sinking of Lusitania: Germans sink British
passenger ship with American onboard
• Zimmerman Telegram: Germans send
message to Mexico to become an ally of
Germany
• Armed neutrality, it now appears, is impracticable. Because
submarines are in effect outlaws when used as the German
submarines have been used against merchant shipping…We shall
fight for the things which we have always carried nearest our
hearts,--for democracy, for the right of those who submit to
authority to have a voice in their own Governments, for the
rights and liberties of small nations, for a universal dominion of
right by such a concert of free peoples as shall bring peace and
safety to all nations and make the world itself at last free
US Declares War
1. Why does Wilson believe that the
US can no longer follow the policy of
Neutrality?
2. What is the US fighting for?
3. Who does Wilson have to ask to
declare war?
American Mobilization
1. Selling the War
Committee of Public Information
2. Fading Opposition to the War
Role of women
3. “You’re in the Army Now”
Selective Service Act (the “draft”)
4. Racism in the Military
5. Americans in Battle
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=lOLlDSbe4y8#at=35
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OCq4DLb4upU
Committee for Public Information
• Established in 1917 by George Creel (a former
Progressive reformer and journalist)
• A government-sponsored propaganda agency
designed to promote support for American
involvement in the war.
Organizing the Economy
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4.
War Industries Board
War increases industrial production
Women replace men at work
Women Suffrage Movement Splits
How to Pay for World War 1
• Cost of war: $35.5 billion
• Williams McAdo (secretary
of treasury) led the effort
to raise money
• Income Tax Rates were
raised (top tax rate rose to
63%)
• War Bonds were sold.
Also going on…
• Labor Unions made great strides (National War Labor
Board)
• Prohibition fight continues (ratified Jan. 1918 to take
effect Jan. 1920)
• Influenza Epidemic 1918-19
• The Great Migration (over 300,000 blacks migrate
north to cities between 1914 & 1920)
Stalemate
• Why was the war at a stalemate?
 Both sides were dug in while engaging in the
horrors of trench warfare
 During the stalemate, the frontline moved only a
few miles for months at a time
 Neither side was able to gain ground, thousands
of troops were lost on both sides.
How did the U.S. entry break the
stalemate?
• Americans in France
▫ 1918, U.S. troops arrive in France in great
numbers (general Pershing)
▫ American troops had an independent role and
also they helped British and French troops
▫ Strength and energy of fresh U.S. troops
broke the stalemate and turned the tide of the
war toward the allies.
▫
http://www.history.com/speeches/john-j-pershing-addresses-the-us-fromfrance#john-j-pershing-addresses-the-us-from-france
Armistice! November 11th 1918
European Tragedy
• The Lost Generation
▫ 37% of European Males
between 18-24 Died
▫ Deaths
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Germany 2.1 Million
France 2 Million
Russia 1.7 Million
Austro-Hung. 1.5 Million
Italy 500,000
• 38 Billion in Economic
Losses
A Flawed
Peace
• Treaty of Versailles
▫ France and Britain impose harsh penalties on Germany
 Must take full responsibility for war
 Pay 33 Billion to allies
 Restrictions on German Army and Navy - 100,000 Soldiers
 Took traditional German Lands
• Wilson’s Fourteen Point Plan
▫ Rejected as to forgiving to Germans
▫ Point 14 a League of Nations accepted by Europe
 US Congress refuses to accept the League of Nations
PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE
• David Lloyd
George
▫ Great Britain
Georges
Clemenceau
▫ France
Vittorio Orlando
▫ Italy
Woodrow Wilson
▫ United States
▫
http://www.history.com/videos/treaty-ofversailles-end-world-war-i#treaty-ofversailles-end-world-war-i
Europe after WWI
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
• 1. Open covenants of peace openly arrived at
• 2. Absolute freedom of navigation on the seas in peace and war
• 3. Removal of all economic barriers to the equality of trade among
nations
• 4. Reduction of armaments
• 5. Impartial adjustments of colonial claims
• 6. Evacuation of all Russian territory
• 7. Evacuation & restoration of Belgium
• 8. Evacuation & restoration of all French land, return Alsace to
France
• 9. Readjustment of Italy’s frontiers
• 10. Self determination for the former subjects of Austria-Hungary
• 11. Evacuation of Romania, Serbia, & Montenegro
• 12. Self-determination for former subjects of the Ottoman Empire
• 13. Establishment of an independent Poland
• 14. Establishment of a League of Nations
LEAGUE OF NATIONS
• Founded at the Paris Peace
Conference
• 1914-1946
• Goal was to maintain world
peace.
• The United Nations replaced
it after the end of World
War II.
World War I Legacy
“The War to End All Wars” ?
• 10 Million Killed
• 338 Billion in Economic Lose
• Europe
▫ War torn economies and Cities
▫ Lost generation
▫ German hostilities to European Powers
▫ German Economic Depression
 Leads to Hitler’s Rise and WWII
▫ Italians feel slighted by concessions
▫ Russian Collapses Leads to Revolution
 Rise of Communism – Lenin - Stalin
• World
▫ U.S. Industrial Boom
 Europe lost many industrial centers
 Red Scare / Fear of Socialism
▫ Changing borders in Asia and Africa
▫ Japan feels slighted as Europe takes
▫ territory
The US Home Front
• Government takes over the railroads,
telephone, telegraph…
• War Industries Board
▫ Bernard Baruch
 Decide what goods to be produced
Council of Defense
Herbert Hoover
Food Administration
“War gardens”
Land of the Free?
Attacks on
Civil Liberties
• Espionage Act of 1917
• Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917
• Sedition Act of 1918
Jailing and internment of those who criticize
government actions or positions
Sedition Act political cartoon
Legislation passed during World War
I to criminalize criticism of the
government and other forms of
dissent gave Attorney General A.
Mitchell Palmer the powers he
needed after the war had ended to
order raids on the homes and
offices of people suspected of
having “communist loyalties” and
“conspiring to organize labor.” In
this cartoon from 1918, Uncle Sam is
hauling off a handful of miscreants
labeled “traitor,” “spy,” “Sinn Fein”,
and “German money,” while he holds
a leash on the International
Workers of the World, presented as
a mad dog.
Conclusion
• After World War I Europe experienced a
change in social, political, and cultural. New
boundaries where drawn and new
organizations formed with new alliances.
• Questions?
Questions & Answers
• In what ways did the US govt. sway public
opinion to support the war effort?
• What is civil disobedience?
• How would you define our First Amendment
right to freedom of speech? Do you think the
Sedition Act violated that freedom?
• Do you think the Espionage Act of 1917 & the
Sedition Act of 1918 were constitutional?
65
Essential Questions
What was the Great Migration?
What caused African-Americans
to move from the South?
Prosperity & Depression
66
The Great Migration
• In 1914, 90 percent of African Americans
lived in the southern states that once
belonged to the Confederacy where
segregation was legal. By 1930, less than 80
percent of African Americans lived in the
South.
• African Americans left the South not only
to escape the prejudice and discrimination
that existed there, but also because of the
economic activities that existed in the
North.
Prosperity & Depression
67
The Great Migration
• During World War I, factory workers
recruited African Americans to move
north by telling them about the higher
wages and better living conditions that
existed there. Once African
Americans moved to the North,
however, they often experienced
segregation and lived in slums.
Prosperity & Depression
Push factors: Leaving the South
Reasons
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Jim Crow laws
Lynching/KKK
Flood
Boll Weevil infestation
Map
Pull factors: Why head to the North?
Reasons
• Jobs
• NAACP
• Leaders such as Du Bois &
Washington inspiring people.
Map
Racial Conflicts
• African-Americans face anger and hatred from
whites.
• Whites fear job competition.
• Black women often domestics in white households for
low wages.
• Tulsa, OK- May 31-June 1, 1921, whites attacked the
black community of Tulsa, known as “Black Wall
Street,”
• Rosewood, FL-Rosewood massacre, 1st week of Jan.
1923, Levy county, FL.
• Chicago, IL- July 27, 1919-Aug. 3.
Ku Klux Klan
• Film: Birth of a Nation
• 1915, silent film, glorifying the
KKK during Civil War era.
• Highest grossing film for silent
era films.
• Helped to revive the KKK
• David C. Stephenson: Grand
Dragon (born in Houston,TX)
• Notables: Warren G. Harding
▫ 29th president (1921-1923)
▫ Not officially proven
• Membership grew to 4,000,000
by mid 1920s.
Immigration Reform
• The Red Scare
▫ Because the Russian Revolution started as a
workers revolt, many Americans associated
labor strikes to Bolshevism.
▫ The fear that Communists were trying to
overthrow the U.S. government was known as
the Red Scare.
Creation of FBI
Federal Bureau of Investigations
• Led by J. Edgar Hoover
• Known for hunting down criminals
• Top law enforcement official for next 40
years.
Palmer Raids
• A campaign of raids to identify and root out groups whose
activities posed a "clear and present danger" to the country,
such as communists, socialists and anarchists.
• Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer orders the raids on
headquarters of various radical organization.
• Targeting mostly immigrants, Palmer had thousands arrested
and over 500 deported.
• People had their civil liberties violated.
3. Sacco & Vanzetti Trial –
a. symbolized the anti-foreign feelings of the 1920’s. Arrested for
robbery & murder, admitted to being anarchists but insisted they
were not guilty and a jury sentenced them to death.
b. Evidence was limited
c. Guilty because immigrants & radicals???? – Was it a fair trial?
d. Proof the US needs to keep out radicals!
78
p. 586
Credits / Works Cited
•
BBC. World War One: The western front 1914-1918 animation. Retrieved April 20, 2009
fromhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/launch_ani_western_front.shtml
•
Ilvlian Romania (Producer). (2008, July 7) WW1 Chemical Attack. Retrieved April 20, 2
009 from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R31m6hEctIw&NR=1
•
HAFU Video (Producer). (2008, October 17). Classic World War One Fighters.
April 21, 2009 from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b2ARkEiaSJk
•
Killtron (Producer). (2006, July 28) World War One – Tanks. Retrieved April 21, 2009
from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iHIp-hyXKWc
•
New Vicaar (Producer). (2009, Jan 16) Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of
Austria. Retrieved April 20, 2009 from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Edi7zWgqZo&feature=PlayList&p=78EA397BCFA3F76F&index=0&playnext=1
•
Sonic Bomb (Producer). (2008, June 5) WW1 in Colour HD. Retrieved April 20, 2009 f
from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FsBUXTgt-YE&feature=related
•
Retrieved