Week 9 - Lifespan-Healthy Living
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Transcript Week 9 - Lifespan-Healthy Living
1
FOOD FOR HEALTHY
LIVING
Chapter 12
Learning Objectives
2
Plan menus that are appropriate and nutrient rich for
children and adolescents and older adults
Identify issues specific to menu planning for aging adults
Identify nutrition recommendations for pregnancy,
breastfeeding
Discuss nutrition recommendations for toddler/preschool,
school age, adolescence
Identify health issues of older adults and provide nutrition
recommendations
Nutrition For Pregnancy
Choose My Plate
Increased Protein
+
25 grams/day (3 oz protein)
RDA- 71 grams/day
Folate
600
synthetic mcg/day
DNA, reduce neural tube defects
Pre-natal vitamin
Nutrition For Pregnancy
Iron
27
mg/day
Increased blood volume, baby’s iron stores
High in pre-natal
Iron deficiency anemia….supplement
Calcium
1000-1300
mg/day (4 cups a day)
Last trimester- 300 mg/day transferred to baby
Low in pre-natal
Basic Nutrition Guidelines
Prenatal vitamin-mineral supplement
1st trimester
2-4
2nd and 3rd trimester
1
pound weight gain, ↑ nutrients
pound a week weight gain, + 300 calories
Moderate caffeine, sugar substitutes
Adequate fluids- RDI- 3.0 L/day
Limit mercury containing fish
12
oz fish a week or less, variety
Alcohol
No safe known level
#1 preventable birth defect
Lifelong affects, cognitively and physically
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Appropriate Weight Gain
25-35 pounds (healthy body weight)
Helps prevent low-birth weight (less than 5 ½ pounds)
Poor growth/immune system
Delivery complications
Undeveloped lungs
Helps prevent excess weight gain
Gestational diabetes, hypertension, other pregnancy
complications; childhood obesity
Comfort for the mother!
Nutrition Needs of Breastfeeding
Mom
+ 500 calories/day or more
+ 25 grams protein or more (RDA- 71 grams)
8-12 cups of fluids – RDA 3.8 L/day
Continue pre-natal supplement
Choose My Plate
Limit caffeine, alcohol
Breastmilk
Colostrum
First
few days, antibodies, anti-infective, probiotics
Mature Milk
High
in essential fats, probiotics, enzymes
Minimal digestion
Changes in composition to meet growth needs
Breastmilk Points of Interest
Many health benefits
Produced based on demand
Proper latching on important
Small stools, rarely constipates, no smell
Minimal “spitting up”
Food flavors transfer from foods mom eats to
milk
History of food allergies, eliminate protein from
moms diet
Formula
Supports normal growth and development
Formula contains
lactose/sucrose (CHO)
casein, whey (PRO)
vegetable oils (FAT)
Vitamins-mineral fortified, high iron
More symptoms of intolerance
Spitting up, gassy, protein intolerance, constipation
Formula Types
Standard
Essential
fatty acid enhanced
Modified for gassy babies
Organic
Lactose-Free
Follow-up
(6-12 months)
Soy-protein
Hypoallergenic- Protein Sensitivity
Preemie
Medical
Formula Tips
Easier to overfeed
Mix according to instructions
Too
dilute- poor nutrition
Too concentrated- GI problems
Food Safety – GI problems
Discard
unfed formula
Refrigerate diluted formula 24 hours
Clean nipples/bottle- dishwasher OK
Safe water
Feeding Children
14
4-6 Months
Introduce solids
Developmental feeding milestones
Mature GI tract
protrusion reflex
Head-neck control
Interest in food
Iron-fortified rice cereal
Then vegetables-fruits
Wait several days to introduce new food
Diarrhea, vomit, rash, wheezing, very fussy, wait
6-12 months
Mashed, soft foods to small chunks
Introduce foods according to ability
Pincer grasp
Hand to mouth movement
Imitates chewing motion
Holds eating utensils
Holds bottle, cup
Eating is part of motor skill development
Caution with foods that could cause choking (nickel sized)
Adequate Nutrition
Growth Curves
Problem
if growth deviates off usual curve
Hemoglobin (iron deficiency anemia)
Normal Development
Fig. 14.1
1-5 years
Food Provides
My Plate Balance
Nutrients
Decision making, motor skill development
Model good eating patterns
Provide healthy choices
Smaller portions
1 Tblsp. year portions
Establishment of eating behaviors, food preferences
Dental Caries
No bottles in bed
Best Time to Teach Nutrition
Pre-school and grade school years
Love to cook, help with food
3
yo- wrap, pour, mix, shake, spread
4 yo- roll, juice, mash, peel
5 yo- measure, grind, grate, cut
Less peer influence
5-10 Years
Continued slow growth
10 y.o.- 1800 calories/day
Regular meals and snacks
5-7
eating times/day
Breakfast, snacks, < sweetened beverages
Concerns
Obesity
High
blood cholesterol (>170 mg/dl), hypertension, high blood
sugars
Adolescents
Rapid growth triggered by hormones
Girls 10-11 y.o., fat increases, 35 pounds, 6”
Boys 12-14 y.o., muscle increases, 45 pounds, 8”
Calories up to 4000-5000/day during growth spurts
Iron, calcium, vitamin D, protein
Nutrition Issues
Peer influenced eating
Eating disorders
Obesity
Iron deficiency anemia
Low calcium intake- girls
Vegetarianism
Sports nutrition
Adequate
calories to support growth and activity
+500-1500 calories/day
Meeting the Needs of Children
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Best choices
Use primarily basic whole foods
Serve roasted, grilled or poached foods
Serve fruits whole or cut for more nutrients and
fiber
100% juice rather than sweetened fruit drinks
Serve plenty of vegetables
Meeting the Needs of Children
25
Best choices
Dips and sauces appeal to kids
Nutrient-dense beverages with each meal
Healthful side dishes
Low-fat milk or equivalent dairy products at meals
and snacks
Brown rice and other whole grains; whole-wheat
breadcrumbs
Serve cookies and snacks with healthful ingredients
Meeting the Needs of Children
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Tips for chefs
Offer variety to appeal to different ages
Serve small bites and hand-held food items
Use child-sized utensils and plates
Minimize choking hazards
Be aware of common allergens such as peanuts
Serve familiar foods and use flavors children know
Serve appropriate portions
Meeting the Needs of Children
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Tips for chefs
Use healthful cooking techniques
Introduce new options in familiar ways
Serve colorful, nutrient-rich foods for eye appeal
Put produce on every plate
Add variety by offering half portions from the
regular menu
For sandwiches, offer low-fat meats, poultry or
reduced-fat cold cuts
Feeding Aging Adults
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Sensory Losses
Taste
Smell
Vision
Thirst
Most Significant Nutrient Concerns
with Aging…
Unintentional Weight Loss
Loss of Lean Body Mass
Low vitamin D
Dehydration
Malnutrition
Depression
Food Insecurity
More than 80% of 65 or older have at least one
chronic condition affected by nutrition and/or food
choices
Weight Loss
Middle age- weight gain; peak weight- 75 yo,
weight loss- after 75
Difficulty regaining weight
Loss of functional ability
25-30 calories/kg body weight
Strategies: Calories
Avoid unnecessary dietary
restrictions
Encourage use of
foods
Use more frequent meals plus
supplements or snacks
nutrient dense
Strategies: Calories
Use foods that are well liked
frequently
Provide double portions of
favorite foods
Add calories by using sauces,
gravies, toppings, and fats
Emphasize calorie containing
liquids to meet fluid needs
Sarcopenia
Loss of lean body mass
Adequate Calories
Adequate Protein
Affects physical function, strength, overall health, quality of life,
activities of daily living
1.2 grams/kg
Animal sources, supplements
25 grams at a time (snacks and meals)
3-5 times a day
Resistance Exercise
Dietary Protein/Calorie
Supplements
Liquid supplements
Protein powders
13+ grams
25 grams a scoop
Smoothies
Food intake is often ↓ by use of these supplements, but
overall nutritional intake is improved
Considered a “supplement” not meal replacement
Dehydration
Affects
constipation,
blood pressure, dementia (confusion),
muscle function
8-11 cups of fluids a day
Ideas to increase intake:
Availability,
pitchers, variety of fluids, flavors
Live to Be 100
http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0511/sights_n_soun
ds/index.html
Mediterranean Type Diet
Maintain healthy weight
Reduced calories and exercise
Social Networks
Home-grown foods, fruits, vegetables, olive oil, fish, whole grains,
drink tea-coffee-red wine, few processed or refined foods
Family, friends,
Spiritual life, “sabboth”
Reason for living-purpose
Rural living
Meeting the Needs of Aging Adults
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Key nutrition points
Nutrient-dense foods meet nutritional requirements in
fewer calories
Liberal diets recommended for those in long-term care.
Promoting enjoyment of food and enhancing quality of life
are important goals. Overly restrictive diets may reduce
food intake and cause unintended weight loss, with
devastating health effects
Chewing and swallowing problems may require altering
the consistency of a food and/or liquid to make it safe
and easier to swallow- small, bite size pieces, soft
Appetite often small
Meeting the Needs of Aging Adults
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The immune system often compromised with age.
Follow best practices in food sanitation and safety.
Avoid serving risky foods such as raw oysters or
uncooked eggs
Meeting the Needs of Aging Adults
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Tips for chefs
Expect questions about food intolerances, dietary
restrictions, food preparation techniques and
ingredients. Train servers to communicate specific needs
to the kitchen staff
Eating “early” and low-budget dining are common
requests. Small portions, economical offerings, and
early dining options can add a new group of regular
patrons, and they will have finished eating by the prime
dining time
Older customers have smaller appetites and ask for
smaller portions or take leftover food for another meal