Transcript 1 Beginnings to 1763

CHAPTER 1:
BEGINNINGS TO 1763
EXPLORATION & THE COLONIAL
ERA
THE AMERICAS, WEST AFRICA, AND
EUROPE – SECTION 1
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Ancient Cultures arrived
about 22,000 years ago via
a land bridge
Earliest settlers were
hunters
Agriculture thrived starting
about 5,000 years ago
Some Natives remained
Nomadic
Maya, Aztec, and Inca
societies flourished
NATIVE AMERICAS IN 1400S
► Native
American
societies in North
America were as varied
as the geography
► The Pueblo (SW) and
Iroquois (NE) were
two famous tribes
► Most of the tribes in
America had common
religious views, trade
patterns & values
WEST AFRICAN SOCIETIES OF THE
1400S
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Long established,
sophisticated societies
existed in Western Africa
The Kingdom of Songhai
controlled trans-Sahara
trade
Kingdom of Benin and
Kongo were two famous
dynasties
Village and family bonds
formed the basis of life
EUROPEAN SOCIETIES OF THE
1400S
► European
villages had
a long tradition of
social hierarchy –
complete with nobles,
merchants & peasants
► Christianity played a
critical role – religious
leaders had power
► The Reformation in the
early 1500s led to a
split in the church
Martin Luther
EUROPEAN EXPLORATION
► The
countries of
Portugal, Spain, France
and England explored
in the late 1400s for
God, Gold, and Glory
► Improved mapmaking,
better sailboats,
compasses, astrolabes,
Prince Henry– all led to
better exploration
SPANISH NORTH AMERICA –
SECTION 2
Columbus crosses the
Atlantic in October of 1492
and lands in San Salvador
(“Holy Savior”)
► He spent about 3 months
exploring Islands in the
Bahamas
► Europeans used advanced
weapons to force locals
into labor: Plantation
System
► Disease devastated Native
population
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IMPACT OF COLUMBUS
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On Africans- Before slave
trade ended in the 1800s,
10 million Africans taken
On Europeans- Biggest
voluntary migration in
world history
On Trade- Columbian
Exchange meant new
goods & products flowed
between continents
The Columbian Biological Exchange
Old World to New
World:
Diseases: Smallpox
Measles
Chicken Pox
Malaria
Yellow Fever
Influenza
The Common Cold
New World to Old World:
Syphilis
The Columbian Biological
Exchange
Animals:
Old World to New
World:
Horses
Cattle
Pigs
Sheep
Goats
Chickens
New World to Old World:
Turkeys
Llamas
Alpacas
Guinea Pigs
The Columbian Biological Exchange
Old World to New
World:
Plants:
Rice
Wheat
Barley
Oats
Coffee
Sugarcane
Bananas
Melons
Olives
Dandelions
Daisies
Clover
Ragweed
Kentucky Bluegrass
New World to Old World:
Corn (Maize)
Potatoes (White & Sweet Varieties)
Beans (Snap, Kidney, & Lima
Varieties)
Tobacco
Peanuts
Squash
Peppers
Tomatoes
Pumpkins
Pineapples
Cacao (Source of Chocolate)
Chicle (Source of Chewing Gum)
Papayas
Manioc (Tapioca)
Guavas
Avocados
SPAIN CLAIMS A NEW EMPIRE
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Spanish explorers
(Conquistadors) seized
much of the Americas
Cortes conquered the
Aztecs in Mexico
Pizzaro conquered the
Incas in Peru
Exploitation of local
populations was significant
– Encomienda System
SPAIN EXPLORES SOUTHWEST AND
WESTERN AMERICA
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California
Missions
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Mid-1500s, Spain explored
much of what is today the
SW & West of the USA
New Mexico settled by
Spanish priest who
converted Natives
(Pueblos)
Texas area had 30
expeditions in 16th century
California was site of
numerous missions
English Exploration/Settlement
► English
showed little interest until reign of
Elizabeth I.
► She supported “Sea Dogs” to confront the
Spanish (Drake, Hawkins) and shared in the
profits!
► Conflict with Spain lasted until the 1560’s!
English Exploration/Settlement
► Elizabeth
I saw Catholics as potential
“traitors”, after the Pope called her a
heretic.
► She drove the Irish Catholics off their land
and replaced them with Englishmen.
► Used starvation and mass slaughter to
destroy the Catholic “savages”
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Joint Stock Companies
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Corpoartion
Shareholders own the business
More shares you have, the more power
London Company and Plymouth Company
► First of these Joint Stock Companies
► London company became Virginia Company
► Plymouth totally disbanded
King wanted no part unless he received a charter
King’s Charter
► Received 20% of all gold and silver
EARLY BRITISH COLONIES –
SECTION 3
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Beginning in the early
1600s, the English
established colonies along
the eastern coast of North
America
1607: Jamestown was first
to be settled
John Smith led this group
of settlers
Colony struggled at first,
then was saved by
Tobacco crop
Jamestown
► First
successful English colony
► Goal was to make MONEY!
► Most settlers were “Gentlemen” who did not
want to work. Assumed that Indians would
submit to, and feed the settlers
► Almost led to failure of the colony.
Jamestown/John Smith
► Instilled
discipline
► Natural leader – fought the Turks
► Set rules about hygiene and work
 “He who will not work, shall not eat”
► Negotiated
truce “Powhatan Confederacy”
with local Indians.
John Rolfe / Brown Gold
► What
saved the colony? “Brown Gold”
► Most
of the profit for the colony was made
by planting tobacco.
► John
Rolfe – Married Pocahontas, not John
Smith – Hollywood story only!
Virginia Colony / Labor
► How
to attract labor?
 Headright System: 50 acres of land given to
those who paid their way to the colonies.
 Indentured Servitude: Land given in exchange
for 4-7 years of labor.
►½
died before gaining their freedom.
►75% of the 130,00 Englishmen who migrated to the
Chesapeake area were Indentured Servants.
1619 Virginia
► Slaves:
Initially treated as Indentured
Servants
► House
of Burgesses:
 Colony abandoned military rule and provided for
an elected assembly. The first elected
legislative body that could make laws for the
colony based on English Common Law.
PURITANS CREATE A “NEW
ENGLAND”
► The
PURITAN, OR “PILGRIM”
16th century
Reformation caused a
split in the Christian
Church; Catholics and
Protestants
► One extreme group of
Protestant reformers –
the Puritans sought to
cleanse or “purify”
their religion of all
traces of Catholicism
New England Colonies
► Formed
as a haven for religious freedom.
► Pilgrims:
 Myths of the Pilgrims
 Mayflower Compact:
►Showed
people!
that power of government came from the
New England Colonies
► Other
group of NE settlers: Puritans
► Massachusetts Bay Colony (MBC) formed in
response to crackdown led by Charles II.
► Puritans wanted to “purify” the Church of
Catholic influences.
► Colony founded in 1630 by John Winthrop.
► “City upon a Hill”
COLONISTS MEET RESISTANCE
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New England Colonists
(Puritans) soon conflicted
with the Native Americans
over land & religion
King Philip’s War was
fought in 1675 between
the Natives and Puritans
ending a year later with
many dead and the
Natives retreating
1630-50/Religion, Politics,
Dissent
► Puritan
leaders tried to enforce conformity
of Puritan orthodoxy.
 Basically a THEOCRACY!
 Residents had to attend services and pay taxes
to the church.
 Only those who were members of the church
could vote.
 Puritans supported education: Harvard, etc.
1630-50/Religion, Politics,
Dissent
► Puritan
Church:
 No hierarchy
 Run by men
 Members had to go through a “Conversion
Experience”
►Self-denial
►Self-examination
►Repentance
►Public
profession of grace
1630-50/Religion, Politics,
Dissent
► Dissent:
► Roger
Williams:
 Preached separation of church and state
 Founded Rhode Island
► Anne
Hutchinson:
 Proponent of Antinomianism – faith and Gods
grace was enough to get into heaven.
► Thomas
Hooker:
Decline of Puritanism
► Large
Population
► Dissent
► Stuart Restoration (1660)
► Decline in 2nd/3rd generation conversion
 Half-Way Covenant
► Salem
Witch Trials
Chesapeake Societies
► Government
in VA:
 1619:
 House of Burgesses founded
 First elected (by land owners) legislative body in
colonies.
 Bi-Cameral: House and Governors council.
Chesapeake Societies
► Anglican
church was most prominent
► Some religious toleration was present
► Religion less important that in NE –
secondary mainly due to lack of clergy and
churches
► All citizens had to pay for the support of the
church, whether members or not.
Maryland
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first proprietary colony, founded by
Cecilius Calvert
► Created as a haven for Catholics and to
make a profit.
► Act of Religious toleration:
 Protected Catholics from persecution
 First law affirming freedom of worship
Labor in the Chesapeake
► Labor
demands to grow tobacco brought
100,000+ to area by 1700.
► 90% indentured servants
► Low life expectancy
► Low birth rate: WHY?
► Conflicts between indentured servants and
planter class led to many inequalities.
Bacon’s Rebellion
► First
uprising in the American colonies
between the “haves” and the “have-nots”
► Causes:
 Unfair taxation, social inequalities, unequal
voting rights, relations with Native Americans
► Results:
 Indentured servants too difficult to control. Led
to use of African Slaves
SETTLING THE MIDDLE COLONIES
► Dominated
by Dutch
and Quaker settlers,
the Middle Colonies
were founded in the
mid-1600s
► William Penn led
Quakers as they
colonized Pennsylvania
and Delaware
ENGLAND’S COLONIES PROSPER
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Throughout the 1600s and
1700s, more British
Colonies were established
By 1752, the English
Crown had assumed more
& more responsibility for
the 13 colonies
Mercantilism & Navigation
Acts were two such ways
that the English
government controlled the
colonies
King
George
III
MERCANTILISM: AN
ECONOMIC SYSTEM IN
WHICH NATIONS SEEK TO
INCREASE THEIR WEALTH
BY OBTAINING GOLD &
SILVER AND WITH A
FAVORABLE BALANCE OF
TRADE
MERCANTILISM
NAVIGATION ACTS
1651- England’s
Parliament passed a series
of laws known as the
Navigation Acts
► These laws restricted the
colonies shipping & trade
► Ships, destinations, crews,
goods: All strictly
regulated by the English
► The colonies were
developing a spirit of selfdetermination. Therefore,
they were NOT happy with
these restrictions
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THE COLONIES COME OF AGE –
SECTION 4
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New England, Middle
Colonies, and the South –
all developed distinct
economies and societies
In the South, rural
Plantations with a single
cash crop were common
Small Southern farmers
(Germans, Scots, Irish)
and African slaves made
up the majority of people
Southern Plantation
THE MIDDLE PASSAGE
► During
the 17th century,
Africans endured a
transatlantic crossing
from Africa to the North
American Colonies
► Cruelty characterized
the months long
journey – 13% died on
route
AFRICANS MAINTAIN PARTS OF
THEIR CULTURE
Despite enslavement,
Africans coped with the
horrors of slavery via
music, dance, and
storytelling
► Slaves also resisted their
position of subservience by
faking illness, breaking
tools, or work slowdowns
► Others were more radical
and tried escape & revolt
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NORTHERN COLONIES COMMERCE
THRIVES
LIBERTY BELL
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The development of cities,
expansion of trade, and
diverse economies
gradually made the North
radically different from the
South
Philly was the 2nd largest
British port
Farming differed from the
South: smaller, more
diverse crops in North
Rebellion and War
► “Restoration
Monarchs”
 Charles II
 James II
► Colonization
of: NY, NJ, PA, DE. Each were
proprietary colonies
Glorious Revolution
► Pro-Catholic
tendencies by James II led
Parliament to make a change:
► William and Mary named King/Queen
► Agreed to:
 Limited Monarchy
 Superiority of Parliament over the Crown
 Results in Europe and America?
THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE
GREAT AWAKENING
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1700s: An intellectual
movement known as the
Enlightenment began in
Europe and a religious
movement known as the
Great Awakening started in
the Colonies
The Enlightenment
emphasized reason,
science, and observation
and led to the discovery of
natural laws
Copernicus, Galileo,
Franklin and Newton were
key figures
RELIGIOUS REVIVAL: THE GREAT
AWAKENING
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A series of religious
revivals aimed at restoring
devotion & piety swept
through the colonies in the
mid-1700s
Jonathan Edwards was a
Puritan priest from New
England who was
instrumental in the
movement
Fire & Brimstone style of
worship; large, emotionally
charged crowds
Like the Enlightenment the
movement stressed the
importance of the
individual
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR
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Competition in North
America led to a war
(1754-1763) between old
rivals France and England
The French in North
America were tradesmen
(furs) not long-term
inhabitants
Ohio River valley was the
site of the conflict
The Colonists supported
the British while the
Natives supported the
French
FRENCH INDIAN WAR BY
NAT YOUNGBLOOD
BRITAIN DEFEATS AN OLD ENEMY
While the French had early
victories, the British led by
William Pitt and George
Washington eventually
defeated the French
► Treaty of Paris ends the
war in 1763
► Brits claim most of North
America including Florida
(from French ally Spain) &
Canada
► Native Americans also
realized a French loss was
a Native American loss
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WILLIAM PITT ON A
COIN
PROCLAMATION LINE OF 1763
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To avoid further costly
conflicts with Native
Americans, the British
government prohibited
colonists from settling
west of the Appalachian
Mountains
The Proclamation
established a line along
the Appalachian that
colonists could not cross
(They did anyway)