Transcript PPT 1.4 French and Indian War

The French and Indian War
North America 1754
Class Activity
Use the map
provided to
identify the
extent of the
Spanish, French,
& British colonial
control in North
America by 1750
North America 1754
Key Preview
Questions
1. Which nation on
the map had the
“best” colonies?
Why?
2. Based on the
map, what
problems might
arise among the
European
powers?
3. How should these
nations work out
their differences?
By 1750, Britain & France had
become serious rivals because:
Both
nations used
mercantilism
to expand
their colonial
claims in
order to
increase
their wealth
Britain & France went to war 3
times in Europe from 1690-1750
These wars in Europe meant that
their colonists would fight too
During the 1700s, both
the British & French
colonies were growing
Land disputes along the
Ohio River Valley led to
the French & Indian War
The growth of the British & French
colonies impacted Indians too:
The French increased
their alliances with
Native Americans along
the Ohio River Valley
The spread of
British colonists
into the
backcountry &
across the
Appalachian
Mountains led
to numerous
Indian conflicts
Indians grew increasingly concerned about
British colonists filling into the backcountry
New settlement
In 1754, colonists from
across the British colonies
met at the Albany Congress
to discuss the common
problem of Indian attacks
Benjamin Franklin
proposed the
Albany Plan of Union for a
coordinated colonial army
The plan was not approved
The colonists lacked
the unity to solve a
common problem
Ben Franklin’s “Albany Plan of Union”
America’s 1st political cartoon
1754
In 1754, VA Turning
governorPoint:
sent 22
year old George
Washington to protect an Ohio Company claim
Washington’s troops were forced to retreat from
Fort Duquesne; This clash proved to be the
beginning of the French & Indian War
The French and Indian War (1754-1763)
Britain & the North
American colonists
vs
France, their colonists,
& Indian allies
The war started in North America
(1754-1763), but became part of
a larger, “world” war called the
Seven Years War (1756-1763)
due to competition among empires
Battle Scene of the
French and Indian War
The French and Indian War (1754-1763)
Britain was losing during
the early years of the war
The colonists saw
this war as another
European conflict &
did not help fight or
raise taxes as much
as England expected
But, in 1757, British
Prime Minister
William Pitt issued
a “blank check”
to win the war
The war officially ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763
France
Spain
lost
England
gotCanada,
all lands
gained
most
west
allofof
French
itsthe
empire
Mississippi
lands
inin
India,
Canada
River, &
& claims
New
exclusive
toOrleans,
lands rights
east
butofto
lost
the
the
Florida
Mississippi
Caribbean
to England
River
slave trade
North America 1754
North America 1763
North America 1763
Closure Activity
Use the map
provided to
identify the areas
under Spanish,
French, & British
control after the
French & Indian
War (by 1763)
North America 1763
Key Review
Questions
1. How did winning the
French & Indian War
set up Britain as the
dominant economic
power in the world?
2. What effect might
this victory have on
British mercantilism?
3. How might this war
impact the British
colonists? Indians?
How was 1763
a “turning point”
in American history?
Situational Role Play Activity
Situation #1
According to the
Treaty of Paris in 1763
that ended the French & Indian
War, the French have no more
colonies in North America
(except Haiti in the Caribbean)
Situation #2
After the end of the
French & Indian War,
Parliament decided to leave the
British army in North America
Situation #3
The costs of winning the
French & Indian War left the British
Empire in severe debt that it now
must pay off:
British national debt, 1755: £74.6 million
British national debt, 1764: £129.6 million
North America 1763
The French & Indian War
changed the relationship
between Britain & the
American colonists
Colonists were excited
about the possibility
of new land in the west
now that the French
were gone
Colonists learned new
guerilla fighting tactics
from the Indians
William Pitt’s
“blank check” led
to huge war debts
Parliament expected
colonists to help pay
off these debts
More decisions
would now be made
by British Parliament
North America 1763
Other problems strained
the relationship between
Britain & the colonists
after the war:
The expensive British
army was not removed
from America
The Ottawa Indians,
led by Chief Pontiac,
attacked frontier
settlers who flooded
into the Ohio Valley
Britain
had
to
spend
more
money
Pontiac’s
Rebellion,
1763
defending colonists in the frontier
Proclamation of 1763 After Pontiac’s Rebellion,
the British Parliament
created the Proclamation
Line of 1763
Forbade colonists from
moving across the
Appalachian Mountains
Colonists were mad
because this limited their
ability to gain new land
Colonists were mad that
this decision was made
by Parliament & not in
colonial assemblies
The French & Indian
War brought an end to
salutary neglect &
began parliamentary
sovereignty
English officials
“Parliament
assumed has
thatthe
authority must
to rule”
Parliament
have
ultimate authority
over ALL laws & taxes
The British began
governing their
colonies more strictly
The end of salutary neglect
New taxes & laws were
passed without asking
colonial assemblies
As Britain assumed
more control,
the colonists tried
to hang onto the
power of their
colonial assemblies
This shift would prove
to be the beginning of
the long road towards
colonial independence
Closure Activity
■ In groups, summarize the following:
–As a result of the French & Indian War,
how have things changed? Why was the
war such a “turning point”?
–From the British gov’t perspective, why
are these changes necessary?
–From the colonial perspective, why are
these changes difficult to handle?
How was 1763 a
“turning point”
in the British-colonial
relationship?
Perceptions of the War
■Colonial views:
–Colonies could be very strong
when they worked together
–Newly gained frontier presented
opportunities for wealth & land
–Colonists learned how to fight
■English views:
–Americans were slow to organize
& balked at helping raise money
even to protect their own lands
British-American Tensions
Fighting
Methods
Colonials
Indian-style
guerilla
attacks
British
Marching in
formation
British
officers
in
Military
Militias led
charge
of
Organization by captains
colonials
Finances
Colonists
should
Resistant to help pay for their
rising taxes
own defense
Effects of the War on Britain?
■The war increased England’s
colonial empire in North America
■But, the Pitt’s “blank check”
greatly enlarged England’s debt
■Britain’s contempt for the
colonials created bitter feelings
■As a result, English leaders felt
that a major reorganization of its
American empire was necessary!
Effects of the War on Americans?
■The 1760s were an affluent &
optimistic “post-war” period:
–The French & Indian War united
the colonists against a common
enemy for the 1st time
–Most colonists considered
themselves proud members of
England’s empire with little
(if any) thought of independence
Eroding Bonds
of the Empire
Parliamentary Sovereignty
■In 1760, George III became king
& began a new colonial attitude:
Parliamentary Sovereignty
–English officials assumed that
Parliament must have ultimate
authority over ALL laws & taxes
–The colonists tried to reserve
the colonial authority for their
own legislatures
“No Taxation Without
Representation”
■The colonists assumed that their
assemblies
were quasi-equal
Parliament represents
ALL British to
citizens no matter
wherethey
they live
Parliament
because
had no
Parliamentary representatives
■British officials countered with
“virtual representation” argument
■The colonists insisted that only
their colonial assemblies could
tax Americans
Two Theories of Representation
■ What was the extent of Parliament’s
authority over the colonies?
Absolute? OR Limited?
■ How could the colonies accept the
decisions of Parliament when they
did not have representation in that
governmental body?
Eroding the Bonds of Empire
■After the Seven Years War,
everyone expected George to
remove British army from America
(French were no longer a threat)
■But…this large, expensive army
was not removed
–British citizens were not happy
because they had to pay for it
–Colonists doubted the army’s
ability to defend against Indians
Pontiac’s War
■Backcountry natives banded
together to repel white frontier
settlers during Pontiac’s War:
–Indian successes exposed the
English army’s
colonistsweakness
flooded across the
British
Appalachian Mountains:
–Attacks
revealed
“There’s all
this land desperation
& no French!!”of
Native Americans after the
withdrawal of their French allies
–Colonials took matters into their
own hands (Paxton Boys in PA)
Pontiac’s Rebellion, 1763
Fort Detroit
■ Chief Pontiac led the Ottawa & other
tribes against colonists due to:
–The flood of colonists into Ohio Country
–British “gifts” of smallpox-infected
blankets from Fort Pitt
Retaliatory attacks by frontier colonists (like the
Paxton Boys in Pennsylvania) were common
The Proclamation of 1763
■In response to Pontiac’s War, the
British government established
the Proclamation Line of 1763:
–This law forbade colonists from
settling across the Appalachian
Mountains (for their own
protection)
–Americans viewed the line as an
obstruction to their “legitimate
economic development”
North
America
in 1763
New Political Ideas
All gov’ts
are susceptible
to corruption,
■ The
introduction
of Parliamentary
tyranny, & intrusion upon citizens’ liberty
sovereignty contradicted England’s
“Virtuous”
citizens
must fight
tyranny
original
policy
of salutary
neglect
–The influx of new political ideas of
the European Enlightenment
began to impact colonial thought
(especially those of John Locke)
–While no colonists were thinking
of independence by 1763, many
became committed to “natural
rights” & opposed to “tyranny”
Conclusions:
Rule Britannia?
Rule Britannia?
■Despite the mounting tensions
between the English government
& American colonists by 1763,
most Americans were loyal
“brothers” to England due of:
–a shared British culture
–dependence upon British
consumer goods
–shared nationalism after British
military victories against France
Crash Course #5