Transcript Italy, AUS- Hun, Russ PPT

Nationalism and Unification
Italy, Austria-Hungary, Russia and
China
Italian Unification
 Cavour
 Prime Minister of Sardinia
 What parts of Italy did Austria Control
 Northern territories of Venetia and Lombardy.
 How did Cavour obtain the state of Lombardy?
 Provoked Austria into war, and with the help of his ally
France, won and received Lombardy as a result.
Italian Unification
 How did Cavour incorporate the middle states?
 Able to convince the middle states to join the
unification movement. (They held a plebiscite or vote
to join the movement.)
 Who was Giuseppe Garibaldi?
 A Military leader who would lead the Southern
unification of Italy.
 Who were the “Red Shirts” and what did they do?
 A volunteer army.
 Fought successfully to liberate Sicily and Naples (the
southern part of the boot) from foreign control.
Italian Unification
 What did Cavour have to convince
Garibaldi to do?
 To join his unification movement.
 How did Cavour obtain Venetia?
 Italy became allies with Prussia against Austria.
Prussia fought a quick war against Austria (the
Austro-Prussian War) and they won. Italy was
rewarded for loyalty to Prussia.They received
Venetia.
Italian Unification
 How did Italy fit a final piece (Rome) into its
puzzle?
 Papal states of Rome stocked with French troops.
 Prussia fought a major war against France.
 France was losing this war they could not afford to
keep their troops in Rome so they called them home.
 Italians moved in. It was 1870 Unification was
complete.
Italian Unification
 How did the German unification movement
impact Italian Unification?
 Prussia did much of actual fighting against Italy’s
enemies.
 The last two territories that Italy needed to complete
their unification came courtesy of the Austro-Prussian
and Franco-Prussian Wars.
 Could Italy have unified without Prussia?
 Probably not at that time.
 Why/Why not?
 Italy wasn’t powerful enough to take on and win wars
against Austria or France without help from allies.
Austria - Hungary Unification
 In the 1500’s what was the extent of Hapsburg
holdings?
 Not only Central Europe but also Spain and
Netherlands.
 How were they split?
 Austrian Hapsburgs control Central Europe
 Charles’ son Phillip II took Spain, Netherlands and
Spanish New World Possessions.
Austria - Hungary Unification
 How did Austria attempt to control
European politics post - 1800?
 Their influence in European affairs was
profound.
 Hosted Congress of Vienna in 1815
 Took charge of the “Confederation of the
Rhine”
Austria - Hungary Unification
 What was Austria’s 19th century fate?
 Austria’s power in Europe decreased in the
1800’s.
 Falling behind economically as they were
largely industrialized
 Plagued by the nationalist uprisings of their
minority groups.
Austria - Hungary Unification
 What was the ethnic problem in Austria?
 They ruled over more than a DOZEN different
ethnic groups.
 Each group had its own culture, history and
language
 These groups became increasingly vocal about
their desire for self-government.
Austria - Hungary Unification
 What happened in 1848 in Austria?
 Austria faced a series of significant uprisings
within its Empire.
 Demonstrations for democratic reforms in the
capital city of Vienna, Austria.
Austria - Hungary Unification
 What did Austria agree to in 1867? Why did
they agree to this?
 The largest ethnic group (Magyars) who were
Hungarians.
 1867 Emperor Franz Joseph agreed to the
Hungarian Compromise of 1867
 Created the Dual Monarchy of Austria and Hungary
Austria - Hungary Unification
 What was the extent of the Compromise?
 Emperor would continue to rule from Vienna
 A second capital city was created in Budapest
(Hungary) to rule Eastern part of Empire.
 Second Parliament was created
 Hungarians or Magyars were granted enormous
ruling power.
 Austria became Austria-Hungary (Flag now
had eagle with two heads)
Ottoman Empire
Russia
 What was the PERCEPTION of Russia in
the 18th and 19th Centuries?
 Because Russia was large and populous, people
(incorrectly) assumed that it was militarily
powerful.
Russia
 What was the economic condition of Russia
in the 19th Century?
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Not Industrialized
Until 1861 still had serfs!
Economy was mostly agricultural
Small Middle Class
Very Small Upper Class
Most population serfs or peasant farmers.
Russia
 Describe Alexander II’s motivations for freeing the
serfs.
 He genuinely wanted to strengthen the bond between the
Russian people and the monarchy.
 He hoped that the move would establish a surplus of labor
to be employed in urban factories.
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rXPP1j1yahg
 Take notes on Alexander II and Alexander III to help on
your test!
Russia
 What were the results?
 Did not happen
 Most serfs remained on the land they had
worked for centuries
 No movement into cities
Russia
 Why didn’t economic and political reforms
occur in Russia?
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Small middle class
Powerful landowning aristocracy
Little change
Alexander II was assassinated
His son Alexander III cracked down hard on
any reforms in Russia.
Russia
 What was the ethnic make-up of Russia?
 Like the Austrian and Ottoman Empires
 Had a large number of Ethnic minorities
 Poles,Fins,Ukrainians,Slavs and a large Jewish
Population.
Russia
 What was RUSSIFICATION?
 Campaign in which the government attempted
to force all minorities to adopt :
 The Russian language
 The Russian customs
 Supposed to be a nationalistic and unifying ploy
 DID IT WORK?
 No
 People resisted and became more committed to
maintaining their own culture!
Russia
 What were pogroms?
 Murderous raids on Jewish communities.
 What were the results of these?
 Many Jews emigrated to the United States during
this time.
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PFQ7Th_rAs
Russia
 What caused the Russo-Japanese War of
1905?
 The war was a result of the imperialistic clash
of Russia and Japan in Korea.
Russia
 What was the result of the war?
 Russia was defeated by the thoroughly modern
Japan in 1905.
 This was a terrible embarrassment for Russia,
and signaled the rise of a powerful Asian state.