Transcript The Early Cold War

The Early
Cold War:
WWI-1970
Ms. Susan M. Pojer
and some changes by Ms. Snyder
World War I
-
1939
WW II Casualties: Europe
Each symbol
indicates 100,000
dead in the
appropriate theater
of operations
Country
Men in war
Battle deaths
Wounded
Australia
1,000,000
26,976
180,864
Austria
800,000
280,000
350,117
Belgium
625,000
8,460
55,5131
40,334
943
4,222
339,760
6,671
21,878
Canada
1,086,3437
42,0427
53,145
China3
17,250,521
1,324,516
1,762,006
Czechoslovakia
—
6,6834
8,017
Denmark
—
4,339
—
Finland
500,000
79,047
50,000
France
—
201,568
400,000
20,000,000
3,250,0004
7,250,000
Greece
—
17,024
47,290
Hungary
—
147,435
89,313
India
2,393,891
32,121
64,354
Italy
3,100,000
149,4964
66,716
Japan
9,700,000
1,270,000
140,000
Netherlands
280,000
6,500
2,860
New Zealand
194,000
11,6254
17,000
75,000
2,000
—
—
664,000
530,000
650,0005
350,0006
—
410,056
2,473
—
—
6,115,0004
14,012,000
5,896,000
357,1164
369,267
16,112,566
291,557
670,846
3,741,000
305,000
425,000
Brazil2
Bulgaria
Germany
Norway
Poland
Romania
South Africa
U.S.S.R.
United Kingdom
United States
Yugoslavia
WW II
Casualties
1. Civilians only.
2. Army and navy figures.
3. Figures cover period July 7,
1937 to Sept. 2, 1945,
and concern only Chinese
regular troops. They do not
include casualties suffered
by guerrillas and local
military corps.
4. Deaths from all causes.
5. Against Soviet Russia;
385,847
against Nazi Germany.
6. Against Soviet Russia;
169,822
against Nazi Germany.
7. National Defense Ctr.,
Canadian
Forces Hq., Director of
History.
Massive Human Dislocations
The Creation of the U. N.
The Nuremberg War Trials:
Crimes Against Humanity
7 Future American Presidents
Served in World War II
The U.S. & the U.S.S.R.
Emerged as the Two Superpowers
of the later 20c
The Bi-Polarization of Europe:
The Beginning of the Cold War
“Reconstruction
& Confrontation”
The Ideological Struggle
Soviet &
Eastern Bloc
Nations
[“Iron Curtain”]
GOAL spread worldwide Communism
METHODOLOGIES:
US & the
Western
Democracies
GOAL “Containment”
of Communism & the
eventual collapse of the
Communist world.
[George Kennan]
« Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]
« Arms Race [nuclear escalation]
« Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts
of Third World peoples [Communist govt. &
command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist
economy] “proxy wars”
« Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]
The “Iron Curtain”
From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the
Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the
Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient
capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.
-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946
Truman Doctrine [March
1947]
1. Civil War in Greece.
2. Turkey under pressure from the
USSR for concessions in the
Dardanelles.
3. The U. S. should support free
peoples throughout the world who
were resisting takeovers by armed
minorities or outside pressures…We
must assist free peoples to work out
their own destinies in their own way.
4. The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey
$400 million in aid.
Marshall Plan [1948]
1. “European Recovery
Program.”
2. Secretary of State,
George Marshall
3. The U. S. should provide
aid to all European nations
that need it. This move
is not against any country or doctrine,
but against hunger, poverty, desperation,
and chaos.
4. $12.5 billion of US aid to Western
Europe extended to Eastern Europe &
USSR, [but this was rejected].
The Division of Germany:
1945 - 1990
Post-War Germany
Berlin Blockade & Airlift (194849)
The Arms Race:
A “Missile Gap?”
}
The Soviet Union
exploded its first
A-bomb in 1949.
}
Now there were
two nuclear
superpowers!
North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (1949)
v
United States
v
Luxemburg
v
Belgium
v
Netherlands
v
Britain
v
Norway
v
Canada
v
Portugal
v
Denmark
v
v
France
1952: Greece &
Turkey
v
Iceland
v
1955: West Germany
v
Italy
v
1983: Spain
Warsaw Pact (1955)
}
U. S. S. R.
}
East Germany
}
Albania
}
Hungary
}
Bulgaria
}
Poland
}
Czechoslovakia
}
Rumania
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist
states, it doesn't
depend on you
whether we
(Soviet Union) exist.
If you don't like us,
don't accept our
invitations, and don't
De-Stalinization
invite us to come
Program
to see you. Whether
you like it our not, history is on our
side. We will bury you. -- 1956
An Historic Irony: Sergei
Khrushchev, American Citizen
Who buried who?
Mao’s Revolution: 1949
Who lost China? – A 2nd } Power!
The Korean War: A “Police
Action” (1950-1953)
Kim Il-Sung
Syngman Rhee
“Domino Theory”
The Suez Crisis: 1956-1957
Radio Free Europe/Radio
Liberty
The Hungarian Uprising: 1956
Imre Nagy, Hungarian
Prime Minister
}
Promised free
elections.
}
This could lead to the
end of communist rule
in Hungary.
Sputnik I (1957)
The Russians have beaten America in
space—they have the technological edge!
Nixon-Khrushchev
“Kitchen Debate”
(1959)
Cold War --->
Tensions
<--- Technology
& Affluence
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col. Francis Gary
Powers’ plane was
shot down over Soviet
airspace.
Paris, 1961
Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and
nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev thinks that
JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.
The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)
Checkpoint
Charlie
( August of 1961)
First GDR border
guard to escape to
the West: From 19611989 2000 guards
escaped to the west.
Saying Goodbye
Guard letting child
through wired fence-Was
immediately reassigned
Ich bin ein Berliner!
(1963)
President Kennedy
tells Berliners
that the West is
with them!
(Or, I am a
Doughnut)
Brandenburg
Gate
1965
Berlin Wall
1967
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Khruschev Embraces Castro,
1961
Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the
Russians, and the other man blinked!
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
Vietnam War: 1965-1973
“Prague Spring” (1968)
Former Czech President,
Alexander Dubček
Communism with a human face!
“Prague Spring” Dashed!
Dissidents/playwrights arrested [like
Vaclav Havel—future president of a free
Czech Republic].
4th French Republic: 1945-1958
1. Democratic, but politically unstable
[27 governments!]
2. Universal suffrage.
3. Weak President; powerful legislature
4. Many political parties [coalition
governments]
5. Failure to gracefully leave Indochina.
6. Botched the Suez War.
7. Failed to settle the Algerian Crisis.
5th French Republic
(1958-Present)
1. Powerful President.
* first: Charles
DeGaulle
2. Weak Cabinet.
3. Weakened
legislature.
4. Separation of
powers.
DeGaulle’s Achievements
1. Settled the Algerian
Crisis.
2. Made France a
nuclear power.
3. Sustained general
prosperity.
4. Maintained a stable,
democratic government.
5. Made France more
politically independent.
BUT, late ’60s student unrest and social
changes challenged him. In 1968 he resigned
& died of a heart attack in 1970.
Student Riots in Paris
(May, 1968)
Clement Attlee & the Labor
Party: 1945-1951
1. Limited socialist program
[modern welfare state].
« Natl. Insurance Act
« Natl. Health Service
Act
2. Nationalized coal mines,
public utilities, steel
industry, the Bank of
England, RRs, motor
transportation, and aviation.
3. Social insurance legislation: “Cradle-to-Grave”
security.
4. Socialized medicine
free national health care.
Clement Attlee & the Labor
Party: 1945-1951
6. Britain is in a big debt!
7. The beginning of the end of the
British Empire.
§ India – 1947
§ Palestine – 1948
§ Kenya
Mau Mau
uprising - 1955
Churchill Returns: 1951-1955
He never really
tried to destroy the
“welfare state”
established by
Attlee’s government.
The Federated Republic
of Germany
1. Created in 1949 with
the capital at Bonn.
2. Its army limited to
12 divisions [275,000].
3. Konrad Adenauer, a
Christian Democrat,
was its 1st President.
§ Coalition of moderates and conservatives.
§ Pro-Western foreign policy.
§ German “economic miracle.”
4. “Father of Modern Germany.”
Italy After WW II
1. Alcide de
Gasperi was
Italy’s P.M.
from 19481953
2. Coalition
governments
[short and
unstable!]
Part II:
“European
Union”
European Economic Integration
1. 1947
General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade [GATT]
§ 23 nations.
§ Became the foundation of postwar
global commerce.
§ It set up procedures to handle
commercial complaints.
§ It provided a framework for
continuing negotiations [“rounds”].
§ By 1990, 99 nations were
participating.
European Economic Integration
1952
European Coal & Steel
Community [ECSC].
§HQ in Luxembourg.
§“Inner Six”: Benelux nations, France,
Italy, and W. Germany.
§Placed their coal and steel industries
under a form of supranational
authority “The High Authority”.
§Eliminated tariff duties and quotas
on coal and steel.
European Economic Integration
1957 European Economic Community [EEC]
§HQ
Brussels.
§Treaties of Rome.
European Economic Integration
Treaties of Rome
1. European Economic Community [EEC]
§ France, W. Germany, Italy, Benelux.
§ Created a larger free trade area, or
customs union.
« Eliminate all trade barriers.
« One common tariff with the outside
world.
« Free movement of capital & labor.
European Economic Integration
Treaties of Rome
2. European Atomic Energy Community
[EURATOM]
§The purposes of EURATOM are
to create a specialist market for
nuclear power and distribute it
through the Community and to
develop nuclear energy and sell
surplus to non-Community
States.
European Economic Integration
1967
European Community [EC]
Combines the ECSC & EEC
§ HQ
Brussels.
§ European Parliament.
« “Eurocrats.”
« 518 members [elected by all voters in
Europe-party affiliation not nation].
« Only limited legislative power.
§ Court of Justice.
European Economic Integration
1973
New Countries Join EEC
§Denmark
§Ireland
§United Kingdom
European Economic Integration
1979
First Direct Elections
1981 Greece joins the EEC
1986 Spain and Portugal join the
EEC
1995 Austria, Finland, and Sweden
join the EEC
European Economic Integration
1991-92
Maastricht Agreements
§European Union [EU]
created from
the EC.
« One currency, one culture, one social
area, and one environment!
§ Create a “frontier-free” Europe
a common EU passport.
§ One large “common market.”
« Goods coming into the EU would have
high tariffs placed on them.
European Economic Integration
THE EURO


The euro – Europe's new single
currency - represents the
consolidation and culmination of
European economic integration.
Introduced on January 1, 1999,
marked the final phase of Economic
and Monetary Union (EMU), a
three-stage process that was
launched in 1990 as EU member
states prepared for the 1992 single
market.
European Economic Integration
THE EURO


1999-2002: The Euro and the
previous national currencies were
concurrently used in participating
states.
2002: The participating countries
had their previous national
currencies withdrawn permanently
as legal tender.
European Economic Integration
THE EURO
European Economic Integration
ENLARGEMENT:
10 more countries become
EU Member States in 2004
country - date of EU application
Cyprus - 3 July 1990
Malta - 16 July 1990
Hungary - 31 March 1994
Poland - 5 April 1994
Slovakia - 27 June 1995
Latvia - 13 October 1995
Estonia - 24 November 1995
Lithuania - 8 December 1995
Czech Republic - 17 January 1996
Slovenia - 10 June 1996
European Economic Integration
Applicant Countries whose requests for
EU membership are still pending
country - date of EU application
Turkey - 14 April 1987
Croatia - 2003
European Economic Integration
NORWAY?
Norway has never been a member
of the EU, but is ‘partners’ with EU
for certain economic reasons.
Their economy has historically
been very good and they had no
desire to ‘merge’ with lesser
economies.
As of 2002, the Norwegian
economy began to decline. There is
a now a developing majority of
Norwegian that want Norway to
join the EU.
European Economic Integration
Switzerland has
never been a
member of the EU,
but is ‘partners’
with EU for certain
economic reasons.
SWITZERLAND?
Switzerland
Just joined
UN in 2002.
Swiss Government want
Switzerland to join for
economic reasons but the Swiss
people continue to vote against
joining the EU.
European Economic Integration
25 CURRENT EU COUNTRIES
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Czech Republic
Cyprus
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
The
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
United
Kingdom