Transcript Notes: Unit 8

Per Capita Levels of Industrialization, 1750-1913
1750 1800 1830 1860 1880 1900 1913
Great Britain
Belgium
United States
France
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Italy
Russia
China
Japan
India
10
9
4
9
8
7
8
6
8
7
7
16
10
9
9
8
7
8
6
6
7
6
25
14
14
12
9
8
8
7
6
7
6
64
28
21
20
15
11
10
8
4
8
3
87
43
38
28
25
15
12
10
4
9
2
100
56
69
39
52
23
17
15
3
12
1
115
88
126
59
85
32
26
20
3
24
2
im•per•i•al•is•m:
the policy, practice, or advocacy
of extending the power and
dominion of a nation especially
by direct territorial acquisitions
or by gaining indirect control
over the political or economic
life of other areas.
Imperialism:
One nation or
nationality (more
powerful) rules
another nation
and/or nationality
(less powerful).
Motives for the New Imperialism
• Industrialism: Need for raw materials for growing
industry and expanding markets for sales
• Nationalism: Empire demonstrated power and
nation’s prestige; people favored expansion;
“jingoism” was popular
• Population growth: Need for more territory for the
expanding population
• Weapons and other technology: advanced rifles, high
explosives, machine gun, artillery, railroads,
steamship, telegraph, new medicines
• Racism and Elitism: “White Man’s Burden” was to
civilize and protect the uncivilized; Whites were
superior
• Vanishing opportunities: Entry of new countries into
colonial competition; little territory left
•
•
•
•
•
•
Expansion and the New Imperialism
1842
1853
1858
1869
1875
1880s
1882
• 1884-5
• 1890
• 1898
• 1899
Treaty of Nanking opens China
U.S. warships open Japan
British Crown takes control of India
Suez Canal completed by France
Britain gains control of Suez Canal
Britain establishes protectorate in Egypt
France controls Algeria and Tunisia
Congress of Berlin opens Africa to
colonization
Kaiser William II announces
“Weltpolitik”
Spanish-American War: U.S. gets
Puerto Rico, Philippines and Guam,
annexes Hawaii, sets up protectorate in
Cuba
U.S. proposes Open Door Policy in Asia
The Legacy of Imperialism
• Raw materials were exported depleting the colonized
nations
• Poverty: World’s poorest nations are former colonies
• Exploited labor: Natives became source of cheap labor;
did not develop skills
• Progress: European science, technology and medicine
were introduced
• Influence: European culture, morality, religion and
ethics were introduced (often by force)
• Education: European level of knowledge introduced
• Future difficulties: Colonies were never prepared for
independence
• “Dependency economics” developed in former colonies
• Resentment toward people of the imperialist nations
• Complications: Relations between nations of today
complicated by the imperialist past
Relative Levels of Industrialization,
1750-1900
UK in 1900 = 100
Relative Share of World Manufacturing Output,
1750-1900
These 8 nations total 80% of world production
Growth of Average Personal Income in the 3rd
World, Developed Countries, Britain, 1750-1970
Causes of World War I
• Nationalism: National needed to be upheld in all
situations – No compromise
• Imperialism: Colonies were absolutely necessary
for national well-being
• Militarism: The best solution to any international
problem was military
• Economic competition: Nations were in economic
competition with each other
• Alliance system: Europe was divided into two
armed camps
• Lack of International Diplomatic Order: No
international organization existed; Diplomacy
was arbitrary
The Entangling Alliances
Military Expenses Of European Powers: 1890, 1914
Military Expenses
Nation
Germany
1890
1914
Great Britain
1890
1914
France
1890
1914
Russia
1890
1914
(in millions of dollars)
Army
Navy
Total
121
442
23
112
144
554
88
147
69
237
157
384
142
197
44
90
186
287
123
324
22
118
145
442
Pre-World War I Europe
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The Coming of World War I
1890
Bismarck is dismissed by Wilhelm II
1894
France and Russia form alliance
1898
Germany begins building modern navy
1899-1902 Boer War
1902
Britain and Japan sign alliance
1904
Entente Cordiale between Britain and
France
1904-05 Russo-Japanese War
1905
1st Moroccan Crisis: Germany / France
1907
Triple Entente: Britain / France / Russia
1908
Austria annexes Bosnia
1911
2nd Moroccan Crisis: Germany / France
1911
Italy attacks Turkey
1912-13 1st and 2nd Balkan Wars
1914
World War I begins
The “spark” that set off the Great War
was Franz Ferdinand’s assassination and
the tripwire was Austria-Hungary's
declaration of war against Serbia on July
28, 1914:
A war between Austria-Hungary and
Serbia meant a war between AustriaHungary and Russia, Serbia's traditional
ally. That meant war between Russia and
Germany, Austria-Hungary’s ally. And
that meant war between Germany and
France, Russia’s ally. And that meant
war between Germany and Great
Britain, Belgium’s protector.
Major Nations of the Great War
Triple Alliance
Central
Powers
• Germany
• Austria-Hungary
• Italy
X
• Ottoman Empire
• Bulgaria
Allied
TriplePowers
Entente
• France
• Russia
• Great Britain
• Serbia
• Belgium
• Japan
• Italy
• Romania
• United States
Major Events of World War I
• Aug 1914
Germans attack Belgium
• Aug-Sep 1914 1st Battle of the Marne; Battles of
Tannenberg and Masurian Lakes
• Apr 1915
British land at Gallipoli
• May 1915
Germans sink Lusitania
• Feb 1916
Germans attack Verdun
• May-Jun 1915 Battle of Jutland
• July-Nov 1916 Battle of the Somme
• Feb 1917
Germans resume unrestricted
submarine warfare
• March 1917 Russian Revolution begins
• Apr 1917
U.S. enters war
• Nov 1917
Bolsheviks take power in Russia
• Mar 1918
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk; Last German
offensive on Western Front
• Nov 1918
Armistice
Country
Dead
Wounded
Germany
1,808,546
4,247,143
Russia
1,700,000
4,950,000
France
1,385,000
4,266,000
Austria-Hungary
1,200,000
3,620,000
Great Britain
947,371
2,122,000
Italy
462,391
953,886
Ottoman Empire
325,000
400,000
United States
115,000
205,690
Dead
Wounded
Military Casualties of World War I
Women in Industry, Britain, 1914-1918
Russia on the Road to Revolution
1855
1856
1861
1863
1864
Alexander II becomes Tsar
Defeat in the Crimean War
Emancipation of the Serfs
Suppression of Polish Revolt
Reorganization of local government and
reform of the judicial system
1874 Military enlistment reduced (256)
1879 Creation of The People’s Will
1881 Assassination of Alexander II; Alexander III
reverses reform policies
1894 Nicholas II becomes Tsar
1905 Bloody Sunday revolt
1914 Russia enters World War I
Mar 1917 March Revolution deposes Tsar, establishes
republic
Nov 1917 November Revolution establishes communist
state
Pre-Revolution Russian Society
Causes of the Russian Revolution
• Autocratic Tsarist system refused to change
• Models of reform in Europe; rising democracy
everywhere else
• No form of political dissent except violent
revolution
• Intense problems caused by Industrial Revolution
• Poverty of landless peasants after serfdom ended
• Reforms of 1906 were ignored: Duma was without
power
• No experience with political power and governing
• Problems were intensified by the World War
U.S.: From Neutrality to Intervention
• Aug 1914: U.S. declares neutrality
• 7 May 1915: Sinking of the Lusitania
• 1 Sep 1915: Germany issues Arabic Pledge to warn all
non-combatant ships before sinking
• 24 Mar 1916: Sinking of the Sussex
• 10 May 1916: Germany issues Sussex Pledge to sink no
more unarmed non-combatant ships
• Nov 1916: Wilson re-elected: “He kept us out of war.”
• 1 Feb 1917: Germany returns to unrestricted
submarine warfare; US breaks diplomatic relations
with Germany
• 1 Mar 1917: Zimmermann note published in US
• Feb-Mar 1917: 4 US ships sunk by German
submarines with loss of life
• 2 Apr 1917: President Wilson calls for war
• 6 Apr 1917: US declares War
Military Expenses Of European Powers: 1890, 1914
Military Expenses
Nation
Germany
1890
1914
Great Britain
1890
1914
France
1890
1914
Russia
1890
1914
(in millions of dollars)
Army
Navy
Total
121
442
23
112
144
554
88
147
69
237
157
384
142
197
44
90
186
287
123
324
22
118
145
442
Pre-World War I Europe
No doubt they'll soon get well; the shock and
strain
Have caused their tammering, disconnected talk.
Of course they're 'longing to go out again,' —
These boys with old, scarred faces, learning to
walk.
They'll soon forget their haunted nights; their
cowed
Subjection to the ghosts of friends who died,—
Their dreams that drip with murder; and they'll
be proud
Of glorious war that shatter'd all their pride...
Men who went out to battle, grim and glad;
Children, with eyes that hate you, broken and
mad.
—Survivors by Sigfried Sassoon
I knew a simple soldier boy
Who grinned at life in empty joy,
Slept soundly through the lonesome dark,
And whistled early with the lark.
In winter trenches, cowed and glum,
With crumps and lice and lack of rum,
He put a bullet through his brain.
No one spoke of him again.
You smug-faced crowds with kindling eye
Who cheer when soldier lads march by,
Sneak home and pray you'll never know
The hell where youth and laughter go.
—Suicide in the Trenches by Sigfried Sassoon
Casualties in Major Western Front Battles
Battle
Year
Allies
German
1st Marne
1914
263,000 250,000
Verdun
1916-1917
478,000 336,000
Somme
1916
624,000 475,000
2nd Aisne
1017
187,000 168,000
Michael
1918
255,000 239,000
The Fourteen Points
• 1. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at
• 2. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the
seas
• 3. The removal, so far as possible, of all
economic barriers and the establishment of
an equality of trade conditions
• 4. National armaments will be reduced to the
lowest point consistent with national security
• 5. An impartial adjustment of colonial claims
made with the interests of the populations
concerned having equal weight with the
claims of the government whose title is to be
determined.
• 6. The evacuation of all Russian territory and
such a settlement of all questions affecting
Russia
The Fourteen Points
• 7. Belgium must be evacuated and its
sovereignty restored
• 8. All French territory should be freed and
the invaded portions restored, and the
wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in
the matter of Alsace-Lorraine should be
righted
• 9. The frontiers of Italy should be effected
along clearly recognizable lines of
nationality.
• 10. The peoples of Austria-Hungary should
be accorded the freest opportunity to
autonomous development
• 11. Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro
should be evacuated; occupied territories
restored; Serbia accorded free and secure
access to the sea
The Fourteen Points
• 12. The Turkish portion of the present
Ottoman Empire should be assured
sovereignty, but the other nationalities now
under Turkish rule should be assured an
undoubted security
• 13. An independent Polish state should be
erected including the territories inhabited
by indisputably Polish populations and
should be assured a free and secure access
to the sea
• 14. A general association of nations must
be formed under specific covenants for the
purpose of affording mutual guarantees of
political independence and territorial
integrity to great and small states alike.
Versailles Treaty
• Germany lost territory:
– Alsace-Lorraine to France
– Border areas to Belgium and Denmark
– Border area to create new nation of Poland
including the “Polish Corridor”, Poland’s
outlet to the sea
• Danzig became a free city under League of
Nations mandate
• Germany lost all colonies: Went to the Allies as
League of Nations mandates: African colonies to
Britain and France; Pacific Islands to Japan;
Chinese territory to be evacuated
Versailles Treaty
• Germany disarmed: Army limited to 100,000 (no
conscription); Navy reduced and limited to small
warships with no submarines; no Air Force
allowed
• Rhineland (border area with France) demilitarized
• Saar separated; Money from coal went to France;
Plebiscite would decide fate in 15 years (1934)
• Germany accepted sole responsibility for the war
(Article 231)
• Germany agreed to pay war reparations to the
Allies with the amount to be set later (Articles
232-247)
• Anschluss (union) with Austria was forbidden
ARTICLE 231
The Allied and Associated Governments
affirm and Germany accepts the
responsibility of Germany and her allies
for causing all the loss and damage to
which the Allied and Associated
Governments and their nationals have
been subjected as a consequence of the
war imposed upon them by the
aggression of Germany and her allies.
Treaties of St. Germain and Trianon
(separate treaties with Austria and Hungary)
• Habsburg Empire of Austria-Hungary
dissolved:
• Austria became republic
• Hungary became sovereign state
• Czechoslovakia created: sovereign and
independent republic
• Lost territory went to Poland, Italy, Romania,
Ukraine, and Yugoslavia
• Anschluss (union) with Germany was
forbidden
Treaties of Sèvres and Lausanne
[with the Ottoman Empire (Turkey)]
• Ottoman Empire dissolved; Turkey
created as a republic
• The Middle East transferred to Britain
and France by League of Nations
• War between Turkey and Greece
• Treaty of Lausanne, 1922, revision:
Turkey lost less European territory
Other major agreements
• Russia lost territory
• Former Russian territory to new independent
nations: Finland, Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
• Romania gained territory of Transylvania from
Austria-Hungary
• Independent Poland created from German,
Austrian, Russian territory and guaranteed an outlet
to the sea
• Yugoslavia created combining southern Slavs of the
Balkans (Serbs, Croatians, Slovenians,
Montenegrans, Bosnians, Macedonians, Kosovans)
into a single nation
• League of Nations established to prevent future wars
by establishing a permanent site for diplomacy and
guaranteeing peace through collective security
Other effects
• Japan angered: No new holdings in
China; not included in the “Big Four”
• Italy angered: Creation of Yugoslavia
took territory it wanted
• U.S. rejected treaty: Isolationists and
others felt Covenant of the League
threatened U.S. sovereignty
• New democracies created: Finland,
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland,
Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia
SOME OF THE COSTS OF THE WAR:
The War lasted a total of 1565 days
Total military deaths – 9,000,000
Total civilian deaths – 10,000,000
Grand (and glorious?) total – 19,000,000
Over 5,750 military deaths per day
Over 12,000 military and civilian deaths
per day
It was the first war in history where
civilian exceeded military in combatrelated deaths
The War’s Cost
Over 65 million men were
mobilized
One out of every 7 was killed
One out of every 3 wounded
Over 7 million were
permanently disabled
Over 5 million were reported
missing and never accounted for
Country
Dead
Wounded
Germany
1,808,546
4,247,143
Russia
1,700,000
4,950,000
France
1,385,000
4,266,000
Austria-Hungary
1,200,000
3,620,000
Great Britain
947,371
2,122,000
Italy
462,391
953,886
Ottoman Empire
325,000
400,000
United States
115,000
205,690
Women’s Rights and the War
Women’s Suffrage, 1915-1920
• Pre-war ( before 1914): New Zealand, Australia,
Norway, Finland
• 1915: Denmark, Iceland
• 1917: Netherlands, Russia, Canada
• 1918: Britain, Germany, Austria, Sweden, Hungary,
Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Czechoslovakia,
China
• 1919: Luxembourg, India, British East Africa, Rhodesia
• 1920: United States
• European nations without women’s suffrage: France,
Italy, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Switzerland, Romania,
Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Turkey