Transcript New Imperialism

T
e
s
t
R
e
v
i
e
w
nd
2
IR and “Mass Society,”
Modernity,
“New Imperialism,”
Great War, &
Russian Revolution
nd
“2
Industrial Revolution”
&
“Mass Society”
British inventor of the light bulb

Joseph Swan
Building on the insights of Tesla, he first
sent radio waves across the Atlantic in 1901

Marconi
Popularized by the American Frederick
Winslow Taylor, these were principles that
sought to maximize worker inefficiency
(or alienation as Marx would say)

Scientific management (Taylorism)
My invention of the light engine was a
key development for the automobile
industry

Gottlieb Daimler
I revolutionized the automobile industry
with the mass-produced Model-T

Henry Ford
A combination of independent commercial
enterprises that work together to control
prices and limit competition.

Cartel
Probably the most powerful working class
party (German) in late 19th century Europe
(and who would be the target of many of
Bismarck’s domestic policies)

SDP—Social Democratic Party
A society in which the concerns of the
majority—the lower classes—play a
prominent role; characterized by extension
of voting rights, an improved standard of
living for the lower classes, and mass
education.

Mass society
I favored evolutionary, not revolutionary,
socialism and understood expanded
suffrage could peacefully help realize
socialist aims

Eduard Bernstein
This movement thrived in less
industrialized and less democratic countries
where ordinary people could see no hope of
peaceful political change; a movement that
in the late 19th century became associated
with fanaticism and assassination

Anarchism
These groups, often allied with socialist
parties, worked for better wages, benefits,
and working conditions (via collective
bargaining); typical tactics included the
strike and boycott

Trade unions
List some reasons for the population
explosion of late 19th century Europe
(ca. 1850-1910)
Improved sanitation (water and sewage)
 Vaccination programs
 Improved diet → better nutrition/food
hygiene

Industrialization + Population
Explosion =

Urbanization/Suburbanization/Immigration
Industrialization + Urbanization =

Proletarianization (working class consciousness)
This social effect of the second Industrial
Revolution was facilitated by the
emergence of cheap, modern transportation
like commuter trains

Suburbanization
In 1882, I founded first birth control
clinic in Amsterdam

Dr. Aletta Jacob
List several examples of “mass leisure” in
the late 19th century

Dance halls, amusement parks,
professional sports, tourism
(“weekend” travel), shopping at
department stores
The notion that ministers of government were
responsible to the parliament and not the
monarch (Germany did not have it and it cost
Bismarck his job!)

Ministerial responsibility
British parliamentarian laws that
extended suffrage in the 19th century

Reform Acts
Liberal PM whose sponsorship of the
Reform Act of 1884 gave the vote to all
men who paid regular rents or taxes

Gladstone
British laws that gave authorities the right to
examine prostitutes for venereal disease and
the right to send those prostitutes found to be
infected to lock hospitals

Contagious Diseases Acts
French government brought to power
by the Constitution of 1875; lasted until
1940

French Third Republic
Famous Daytonians who made the
first flight in a fixed-wing plane
powered by a gasoline engine in 1903

Orville and Wilbur Wright
A new technique employed by businesses
(who relied on social psychologists) to help
sell the consumer goods made possible by the
development of the steel and electrical
industries

Mass marketing
International Labor Day

May 1st
1890 Parliamentarian law that authorized
local town councils to collect new taxes and
construct cheap housing for the working
classes

British Housing Act
One of the most notable effects of
“mass education” was rising levels of
this; the ability to read

Literacy
Leader of the “shrieking sisters”

Josephine Butler
Mass forms of this “culture” included
newspapers, magazines, and pulp
fiction

Print
Despite the new job opportunities for
women in the late 19th century, many lowerclass women were forced into this
profession to survive

Prostitution
Working class organizations during the
late 19th century tended to support this
“cult” as it could help address the
increasing shortage of factory jobs

Domesticity
Increased competition for foreign markets
and the growing importance of domestic
demand in the latter 19th century led to a
reaction against free trade and support for
these kinds of measures, which were antilaissez-faire

Protectionist
Essential to the public health of the
modern European city was the ability to
bring clean water into the city and to expel
_________ from it

Sewage
Where the vast array of new consumer
products were brought together in a
single place

Department stores
“_____ that you might preserve”—
British statesman Thomas
Macaulay

Reform
From approximately 1850 to 1930, probably
60 million Europeans left Europe largely
for economic and “minority” status issues.
What is this phenomena called?

Mass emigration
Unpopular series of measures Bismarck
took against the Roman Catholic Church as
he distrusted their loyalty to the new
German state; has come to refer to conflict
between church and state anywhere

Kulturkampf
In industrial development after 1870, it
began to replace iron

Steel
British founder of the Boy Scouts, a
“middle class” organization tied to sport,
patriotism, discipline, adventure, selfsacrifice, and character building

Robert Baden-Powell
In wake of the Franco-Prussian war, group of
radical republicans that formed an
independent republican government in Paris
that was later crushed by the National
Assembly (and that widened the split between
the middle and working classes)

Paris Commune
Unpopular program of Alexander III that
among other things forced the numerous
nationalities of the Russian Empire to only
teach Russian in schools

Russification
Period from roughly 1895 to the
beginning of the Great War in 1914 that
many viewed as an economic boom and
an age of increasing prosperity

La Belle Époque
The primary instrument of terror for
anarchist revolutionaries during the late
19th and early 20th centuries

Assassination
Government programs that provided social
welfare measures such as old-age pensions
and sickness, accident, and disability
insurance; first spearheaded by Bismarck

Social security
It was facilitated by precision tool
making and undergirded the evolution of
the assembly line

Interchangeable parts
Group of radical Parisian republicans who
established an independent government in
Paris after the French people, by universal
male suffrage, had voted the monarchists to
power in the new National Assembly after the
fall of the Second Empire

Paris Commune
This 1875 parliamentarian law
mandated that newly constructed
buildings have running water and an
internal drainage system

Public Health Act
This major new form of energy proved to
be of great value since it could be easily
converted into other forms of energy, such
as heat, light, and motion, and moved
relatively effortlessly through space over
wires

Electricity
Modernity &
“New Imperialism”
According to a popular phrase the sun
never sets on the…

British Empire
He wrote, “Take up the White Man’s
Burden…”

Rudyard Kipling
Feminist peace advocate whose Lay Down
Your Arms earned her the Nobel Prize in 1905

Bertha von Suttner
The devastating potential of the
machine gun was unveiled at this battle
between the Sudanese and British in
1898

Battle of Omdurman
Nietzsche’s “litmus test” for authenticity

Eternal recurrence
His uncertainty principle was unsettling to
many in that it proposed that uncertainty was
at the root of all physical laws

Heisenberg
Belgian king and notoriously brutal
colonizer of the central African region of
the Congo

King Leopold II
Technical term for painting outdoors so as
to observe nature directly; practiced by
many Impressionists and Realists

En plein air
The name given to the transformation of
Japan into a Western-style military and
industrial power

Meiji Restoration
Policy whereby the great European powers and
the United States and Japan agreed not to
restrict the commerce of the other countries in
its economic “sphere of influence” in China

Open door policy
The application of Darwin’s principle of
organic evolution to the social order

Social Darwinism
For Nietzsche, the primitive drive that
controls our cognitive life

Will to power
Nietzsche’s epistemological position in
which there cannot be any uninterpreted
“facts” or “truths,” because everything we
encounter is seen from one perspective or
another

Perspectivism
A key figure in the growth of political
Zionism, his The Jewish State argued for
the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine

Theodor Herzl
Leader of the British suffragette
movement in the early 20th century

Emmeline Pankhurst
The “talking cure”

Psychoanalysis
For Freud, the center of unconscious
drives and ruled by the pleasure principle

Id
The infant’s craving for exclusive
possession of the parent of the opposite
sex (for females); opposite of the Oedipus
complex

Electra complex
In classical physics, matter was thought to
be composed of indivisible and solid
material bodies called _____

atoms
The notion—which partially fueled the
“new” imperialism—that Europeans had a
moral responsibility to civilize ignorant
peoples

White Man’s Burden
For Freud, a process by which unsettling
experiences were blotted from conscious
awareness but still continued to influence
behavior because they had become part of the
unconscious

Repression
British advocate of colonialism who
championed a policy of expansion that
would link British colonies from Cairo to
Cape Town

Cecil Rhodes
By 1914, besides Liberia (backed by the
US government), the only free,
independent African state

Ethiopia (Abyssinia)
For Freud, the royal road to the
unconscious

Dreams
Technical Nietzschean name for the “masters”
or the “psychologically strong” or “superior
intellectuals” that will have the courage to
embrace their subjectivity and forge and live
by their own moral code

Übermenschen
Russian composer of the Rite of Spring (1913)
who sought a new understanding of irrational
forces in his music; his music is known for its
pulsating rhythms and sharp dissonances

Igor Stravinsky
Papal bull issued by Pope Pius IX in 1864
that condemned nationalism, socialism,
religious toleration, freedom of speech,
and freedom of the press

Syllabus of Errors (Syllabus Errorum)
The most popular exponent of Social
Darwinism and author of Social Statistics,
which argued that societies were organisms
that evolved through time from a struggle with
their environment

Herbert Spencer
Infamous episode of anti-Semitism in late
nineteenth century France in which a Jewish
captain in the French general staff was
convicted on trumped up charges because he
was a Jew (reminiscent of the Calas Affair in
18th century France)

Dreyfus Affair
Papal bull issued by Pope Leo XIII in 1891
that was perceived as a compromise to
modern ideas; in particular, it condemned
“naked” capitalism and urged Catholics to
form socialist parties and labor unions of
their own to help the laboring classes

De Rerum Novarum
Throughout much of the 19th century,
Westerners adhered to the _____
conception of the universe postulated by
the classical physics of Isaac Newton

Mechanical
For Freud, the name given to the former
experiences and inner drives of which
people are largely oblivious and which
strongly determine human behavior

Unconscious
Artistic movement began by Pablo Picasso
and Georges Braque that used geometric
designs as visual stimuli to re-create
reality in the viewer’s mind

Cubism
Developments in this field in the
1830s led many artists away from
visual realism

Photography
The revival of imperialism after 1880 in
which European nations established
colonies throughout much of Asia and
Africa

“New” Imperialism
Literary movement that in many ways was a
continuation of realism, but generally was
pessimistic about Europe’s future and often
portrayed characters caught in the grip of
forces beyond their control; key writers
include Émile Zola, Leo Tolstoy, and Fyodor
Dostoyevsky

Naturalism
Group founded by William Booth in
1865 that established food centers and
homeless shelters for the working-class
poor

Salvation Army
Jewish nationalism

Zionism
Russian finance minister who spearhead
state-sponsored industrialism from 1892-1903

Sergei Witte
Those who sought to maintain indigenous
cultural traditions in the face of the new
imperialism

Traditionalists
Those who thought that adoption of
Western ways would enable indigenous
cultures to reform their societies and
eventually challenge Western rule

Modernizers
For Freud, the seat of reason and the
coordinator of the inner life that was
governed by the reality principle

Ego
Feminist martyr that was killed at the
Epsom Derby race in 1913

Emily Davison
One of the chief volkish propagandists whose
The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century
argued that Germans were the only pure
successors of the Aryans (who were portrayed
as the true and original creators of Western
culture)

Houston Stewart Chamberlain
Developed by the French in 1869, it linked
the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea

Suez Canal
According to Max Planck, the name of the
irregular packets of discontinuously
radiated energy (as opposed to steady
stream of radiated energy)

Quanta
Ultimately abortive outburst of violence
in 1900-1901, led by the Society of
Harmonious Fists, which tried to push
foreigners out of China

Boxer Rebellion
“_____ is dead”—Friedrich Nietzsche (for him,
this is not a metaphysical proposition, but
rather the growing realization that this
ideology [Christianity] was no longer a live,
cultural force in Western culture)

God
The Curies (Marie and Pierre) work with
radium demonstrated that atoms were not
simply hard, material bodies but small worlds
containing such _____ particles as electrons
and protons that behaved in seemingly
random and inexplicable fashion

subatomic
For Freud, the locus of the conscience;
represented the inhibitions and moral
values that society in general and parents
in particular imposed upon people

Superego
Theory proposed by Albert Einstein that
maintains that space and time are not absolute,
but relative to the observer, and both are
interwoven into a four-dimensional space-time
continuum

Relativity
19th century French scholar who
championed the “higher criticism”—
applying critical principles to the Bible

Ernst Renan
British gradualists

Fabians
A territory or region over which an
outside nation exercises political or
economic influence

Sphere of influence
Great War &
Russian
Revolution
Collective name of German, Austrian,
Bulgarian, and Ottoman forces

Central Powers
Pandemic during 1918 that killed over
twenty million worldwide

Spanish flu
This “Red Baron” was the most wellknown fighter pilot of the Great War

Manfred von Richthofen
Russian legislature

Duma
Wartime governments made active use of
_____ to arouse enthusiasm for the war

propaganda
The name Lenin gave to the small group of
well-disciplined professional revolutionaries
that would accomplish the violent overthrow
of the Provisional Government

Vanguard
Plan devised by a German general in the last
decade of the 19th century that called for a
minimal troop deployment against Russia
while most of the German army would make a
rapid invasion of northeastern France by way
of neutral Belgium

Schlieffen Plan
Issued by Nicholas II after the disastrous
Bloody Sunday Revolt, it granted
Russians civil liberties and agreed to
create a legislative assembly

October Manifesto
The “powder keg of Europe”

Balkans
Allied war treaty signed with Germany

Treaty of Versailles
Treaty that pulled Russia out of the Great War,
though at a cost of nearly a quarter of their
land

Brest-Litovsk
British officer (nickname) that incited
Arab princes to revolt against Ottoman
rule in the Middle East

Lawrence of Arabia (T.E. Lawrence)
Name for Lenin’s blueprint for
revolutionary action

“April Theses”
Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles,
which declared Germany and Austria
were responsible for starting the war and
ordered Germany to pay reparations

War Guilt Clause
Small faction of Russian Social Democrats
(led by Lenin) that called for a violent
revolution

Bolsheviks
System established after WWI whereby a
nation officially administered a territory on
behalf of the League of Nations; for instance,
France administered Lebanon and Syria,
Britain administered Iraq and Palestine

Mandate
Bosnian city in which on June 28, 1914, the
heir to the Austrian throne, the Archduke
Franz Ferdinand, was assassinated

Sarajevo
The peace settlement approach championed by
Woodrow Wilson that advocated a spirit of
forgiveness toward Germany and a just
division of territory

Peace of Justice
British law that not only allowed for the
arresting of war dissenters as traitors, but also
authorized public officials to censor
newspapers and even suspend publication;
particular example of how wartime
governments responded to war opposition

Defence of the Realm Act (DORA)
Nickname of the dangerous territory
between opposing trenches

No Man’s Land
The Red secret police that instituted
revolutionary “Red Terror”

Cheka
The German offensive at Verdun and the
French offensive on the _____ (both in 1916)
demonstrated the futility of trench warfare

Somme
Nickname of the Bolshevik army

Red Army
Perhaps the most famous of the Russian
revolutionary slogans

“Peace, land, and bread”
19th century German military theorist whose
“mass” style of fighting proved obsolete in a
world of mechanized warfare

von Clausewitz
British passenger ship infamously targeted by
the German policy of unrestricted submarine
warfare that not only cost 100 Americans their
lives, but was used as a rallying point for
American entry into the war

Lusitania
Name of the peaceful protest staged at the
tsar’s Winter Palace in opposition to the
Russo-Japanese War that resulted in
bloodshed initiated by the tsar’s troops

Bloody Sunday Revolt (1905)
German author of All Quiet on the
Western Front

Erich Maria Remarque
Based on a speech given by President Wilson
in 1918, these broad principles supported ideas
such as free trade, open agreements,
democracy, and self-determination

Fourteen Points
Included the nationalization of the banks in
Russia and most industries, the forcible
requisition of grain from peasants, and the
centralization of state administration under
Bolshevik control

War communism
The assassin of the Archduke Franz
Ferdinand and his wife, Sophia

Gavrilo Princip
The German assurance given to AustriaHungary in the wake of the assassination of
the Archduke that pledged “full support” to
whatever retaliatory actions Austria-Hungary
would take against Serbia, including war

“Blank check”
Nickname of the leaders of the chief victorious
Allied powers that included Great Britain,
France, the USA, and Italy

Big Four (Lloyd George, Clemenceau,
Wilson, and Orlando)
General name for those nations that fought
alongside the original Triple Entente

Allies
Russian name for councils of workers and
soldiers deputies who represented the more
radical interests of the lower classes and were
largely composed of socialists of various
kinds

Soviets
The harsh peace settlement approach
taken by Great Britain and France toward
defeated Germany

“Peace of Vengeance”
Nickname of that terrifying moment when
soldiers, usually alerted by a whistle, were
instructed to abandon their trench and attack
the opposing trench

Go “over the top”
Foreign policy goal of Bismarck in which
Germany would never find itself in a minority
of two among the five great powers of Europe
(GB, France, Germany, A-H, and Russia)

Three-power rule
British warship that was the envy of the world
with its all “big gun” armament, steel armor,
and steam turbine power

Dreadnought
Famous mutiny of the German navy at the tail
end of the war after which Kaiser Wilhelm II
abdicated

Kiel
Pre-war alliance between Britain, France, and
Russia

Triple Entente
The Serbian terrorist organization dedicated to
the creation of a pan-Slavic kingdom

Black Hand (Union or Death)
British naval goal in which their navy would
be on par with the two biggest combined
navies in Europe

Two-power rule
Nickname for those who were killed during
the war and for those that survived it (because
of the hopelessness and despair that followed)

“Lost Generation”
Psychological disorder that was an
unfortunate but common result of the “rain of
shells” by artillery such as the German “Big
Bertha”

“Shell shock”
For women in post-war Western Europe, the
most tangible gain was _____, or the right to
vote

suffrage
The Siberian “mad monk” that increasingly
exerted influence over Alexandra and Nicholas
II, much to the detriment of the public
perception of the Romanov dynasty

Rasputin
Lenin’s right hand man and leader of the
Red Army

Leon Trotsky
Russian policy during the civil war that
included the nationalization of banks and
most industries, the forcible requisition of
grain from peasants, and the centralization of
state administration under Bolshevik rule

War communism
Nickname of the anti-Bolshevik army that
was comprised a several factions

White Army
As wartime governments moved away from free-market
capitalism by experimenting with policies such as price controls,
wage controls, rent controls, the rationing of food supplies and
materials, the regulation of imports and exports, and the
nationalization of transportation systems and industries,
European nations had, in effect, moved toward _____ economies
directed by government agencies

planned
The war (on the Western Front) turned into a
_____ as neither the Germans nor the
French/British could dislodge the other from
the trenches they dug for shelter

stalemate
Signed on the 11th hour of the 11th day of
the 11th month

Armistice (Cease-fire)
The growth of nationalism in the 19th century
was problematic in that not all _____ groups
had achieved the goal of nationhood (think of
the minorities in the Balkans and AustrianHungarian Empire, the Irish, and the Poles)

ethnic (the so-called “minorities” or
“nationalities” problem)
The glorification of armed strength and
the ideals of war; the stockpiling of
weapons

Militarism
Russian faction that wanted the Social Democrats to be a
mass electoral socialist party based on a Western model
and who were willing to cooperate temporarily in a
parliamentary democracy while working toward the
ultimate achievement of a socialist state (in short,
Russian gradualists)

Mensheviks
By the Treaty of Versailles, what was to
happen to the Rhineland

Demilitarized
Name given to the overthrow of the Russian
Provisional government by the Bolsheviks

November (October) Revolution
Prime Minister of the Russian Provisional
Government in the days before the November
Revolution

Alexander Kerensky
Issued by the Petrograd Soviet in March
1917, it encouraged all Russian military
forces to remove the existing officers and
replace them with committees that represent
the people—led to collapse of all military
discipline and military chaos

Army Order No. 1