Transcript U_SHistoryWWI - Algonac Community Schools

General Information…
• Started on July 28, 1914
• Ended on November 11, 1918
• Almost 8,000,000 dead.
*** Russia the most = 1.7 million
• Almost 22,000,000 wounded…..
• Map of Europe greatly changed.
Reasons for start of
war…
• Extreme nationalism – pride in country & Strong
devotion to one’s national group or culture
• Imperialism -Late 1800s and early 1900s saw quest to
build empires
• Militarism – building up military & aggressive
preparation for war
• Alliance system - <KEY REASON>
– European powers formed rival alliances to protect
themselves. Nations formed partnerships to protect
against opposing forces
– PROBLEM? One event could drag all countries
involved into a conflict.
Alliances
• Russia backed Serbia
• Russia has an alliance with France & Great
Britain
• Germany backed Austria-Hungary
• Germany & Austria-Hungary make an
alliance with Italy to stop Italy from taking
sides with Russia
The Black Hand..
• The main objective of
the Black Hand was the
creation, by means of
violence, of a Greater
Serbia.
• Its stated aim was: "To
realize the national
ideal, the unification of
all Serbs. This
organization prefers
terrorist action to
cultural activities; it will
therefore remain
secret."
The spark that lit
the fuse….
• The one event that started the Great War
happened in the Balkans.
• The Archduke Franz Ferdinand (Austria) was
assassinated while visiting Serbia by Gavrilo
Princip
• The Black Hand was responsible….
Outbreak of War
• On July 28, Austria-Hungary declares war
on Serbia
• Czar Nicholas II of Russia orders partial
mobilization of troops against AustriaHungary
• This is considered an act of war-Germany
asks Russia to halt mobilization-Russia
ignores
• Germany declares war on Russia
Kaiser Wilhelm II
“You will be
home before
the leaves
have fallen
from the
trees!!”
Sinking the Lusitania: 1915
• In February, 1915, the German government
announced an unrestricted warfare campaign.
• This meant that any ship taking goods to Allied
countries was in danger of being attacked.
• This broke international agreements that stated
commanders who suspected that a non-military
vessel was carrying war materials, had to stop
and search it, rather than do anything that
would endanger the lives of the occupants.
May 17, 1915
• May 7, 1915 brought the United States into World War I.
A German submarine sank the British ocean liner
Lusitania off the coast of Ireland.
• More than 1,000 passengers were killed, including 128
Americans. The people of the United States were
shocked!
• Wilson did not declare war, but instead asked Germany
for an apology, for damages to be paid, and for a
promise not to attack any more passenger ships.
• Italy then entered the war for the Allies and attacked
Austria-Hungary from the south.
Sinking the Lusitania: 1915
cont.
• The Lusitania, was at 32,000 tons, the
largest passenger vessel on transatlantic
service, left New York harbor for
Liverpool on 1st May, 1915. It was 750ft
long, weighed 32,500 tons and was
capable of 26 knots. On this journey the
ship carried 1,257 passengers and 650
crew.
Sinking the Lusitania: 1915
cont.
• At 1.20pm on 7th May 1915, the U-20, only ten miles
from the coast of Ireland, surfaced to recharge her
batteries. Soon afterwards Captain Schwieger, the
commander of the German U-Boat, observed the
Lusitania in the distance. Schwieger gave the order to
advance on the liner. The U20 had been at sea for seven
days and had already sunk two liners and only had two
torpedoes left. He fired the first one from a distance of
700 meters. Watching through his periscope it soon
became clear that the Lusitania was going down and so
he decided against using his second torpedo.
Sinking the Lusitania: 1915
cont.
• After a second,
larger explosion, the
Lusitania rolled over
and sank in eighteen
minutes. A total of
1,198 people died
(785 passengers and
413 crew). Those
killed included 128
US citizens.
Zimmermann Note
• Telegram sent by Germany to Mexico
• Suggested an alliance between Germany &
Mexico
• If Mexico went to war with America,
Germany would support Mexico & help
get back Texas
• Telegraph was intercepted & the U.S. had
no choice but to join the war
"The World In Shambles"
• "It is a fearful thing to lead this great peaceful
people into war.... but the right is more precious
than peace, and we shall fight for the things
which we have always carried nearest our
hearts."
•
Woodrow Wilson
Selective Service Act(Draft)
• U.S.: 121,797 enlisted men, 181,000 in
National Guard (reserves)
• Germany: 700,000 enlisted, 2.8 million in
reserves
• France: 823,000 enlisted, 3 million reserves
• Wilson has a distaste for military things
and has so far resisted increasing U.S.
military
• Has no choice and enacts the draft in 1916
Draft Categories
• Conscription was by class. The first candidates were to be
drawn from Class I. Members of each class below Class I were
available only if the pool of all available and potential
candidates in the class above it were exhausted.
• Class
• Categories (May, 1917 - July, 1919)
• I. Eligible and liable for military service.
• Unmarried registrants with no dependents, Married registrants
with independent spouse and / or one or more dependent
children over 16 with sufficient family income if drafted.
• II. Temporarily deferred, but available for military service.
• Married registrants with dependent spouse and / or
dependent children under 16 with sufficient family income if
drafted.
Draft Categories Cont.
• III. Exempted, but available for military service.
• Local officials, Registrants who provide sole family income for
dependent parents and / or siblings under 16, Registrants employed
in agricultural labor or industrial enterprises essential to the war
effort.
• IV. Exempted due to extreme hardship.
• Married registrants with dependent spouse and / or children with
insufficient family income if drafted, Registrants with deceased
spouse who provide sole family income for dependent children
under 16, Registrants with deceased parents who provide sole
family income for dependent siblings under 16.
• V. Ineligible for military service.
• State or Federal officials, Members of the clergy, Registrants who
were deemed either medically disabled or "morally unfit" for
military service, Enemy aliens.
Trench Warfare
• The two armies dug trenches to protect
themselves from bullets and bombs. Then they
put up mazes of barbed wire around the trenches.
The area between the trenches was called "no
man's land." Soldiers ate and slept in the trenches.
First one side, and then the other would try to
break through at some point along the line. It was
very difficult for either side to win a battle this
way, and trench warfare claimed many lives.
American Success in Combat
• Built ships: exempted shipyard workers from
the draft so they could increase our fleet
• Chamber of Commerce started a PR campaign
that “saluted” shipyard workers
• Shipyards developed a new construction
technique called fabrication (assembled parts
built elsewhere) to reduce construction time
• Government took over every ship under
construction for private owners & converted
them for war use
Breaking the Blockade
• Convoy system: merchant vessels would
travel in a large group with a guard of
circling destroyers
• U.S also planted mines across the North
Sea to create a 230 mile barrier (kept Uboats out of the Atlantic Ocean
• Of 2 million Americans who sailed to
Europe for the war only 100 lost their lives
The Tide is Turning
• Americans stopped the German advance
at Cantigny in France
• Stopped the German attacks at ChateauThierry & Belleau Wood
• They helped win the Second Battle of the
Marne
• Started an offensive against Germany at
Saint Mihiel & Meuse-Argonne
Alvin York
• Became a war hero during the fighting at
Meuse-Argonne
• A red-headed mountaineer & blacksmith
from Tennessee
• Born again Christian who wanted
exemption from fighting in the war
• Conscientious objector: a person who
opposes warfare on moral grounds; Bible
says, “Thou shalt not kill”
• Board rejected it & sent him to training
Alvin York cont…
• While at training Captain W.C.B. Danforth
gave York a different biblical quote: “I
bring you not peace but a sword…He that
hath no sword, let him sell his garment
and buy one.”
• York decided it was morally acceptable to
fight in the war if the cause was just.
• At Meuse-Argonne York had only a rifle &
revolver: he managed to kill 25 Germans,
capture 125 prisoners
Weapons of Mass Destruction
• Big Bertha: a German cannon
• Zeppelin: a gas filled airship that dropped
bombs (easy to shoot down-Germans
stopped using them)
Weapons cont…
• Machine gun: 600 rounds per minute
• Poisonous gas : greenish yellow fog of
chlorine that suffocated men (troops
started using gas masks)
• Mechanized warfare; the tank & airplane
Conditions
• Soldiers were surrounded by lice, rats &
polluted water
• Stench of poison gas & decaying bodies
• Lack of sleep, fatigue & shell shock
(emotional breakdowns)
• Trench foot: due to standing in wet
trenches for long periods of time. Soldiers
feet & toes would start to rot – led to
amputation
The Russian Revolution
• Not prepared for total warfare of WWI
• No competent leaders – Czar Nicholas II
lacked the ability & training to command
troops
• Russian army suffered incredible losses
in troops – 2 million soldiers killed
• Upheaval begins for Czar Nicholas II
Russian Revolution cont…
• Grigory Rasputin starts to have an
influence of Czar Nicholas II’s wife,
Alexandra
• Gains her confidence through her son who
is sick
• Alexandra begins to consult Rasputin on
important decisions
• Rasputin has a great influence & power
behind the throne & often interfered
with government affairs
Russian Revolution cont…
• Russian people getting more & more upset
with Nicholas II’s regime
• Aristocrats who support Czar Nicholas
kill Rasputin
• Women factory workers begin to revolt
(tired, underpaid, starving) & went on
strike
• Czar Nicholas ordered soldiers to break
up the striking workers & shoot them if
necessary
Russian Revolution
• Soldiers stopped attacking the strikers &
soon joined them
• The Duma (legislative body) met &
established a provisional government &
urged the Nicholas II to step down
• Czar Nicholas II steps down
• Provisional government is headed by
Aleksandr Kerensky
Russian Revolt
• Aleksandr Kerensky decides to keep
fighting in WWI
• Major blunder – does not satisfy the
workers
• The soviets (representatives from the
workers & soldiers) challenged
Kerensky’s authority
• The soviets were mostly radical socialists
The Bolsheviks
• Bolsheviks – a radical socialist group
• Led by V.I. Lenin
• Bolsheviks led violent revolutions that wanted
to destroy the capitalist system
• Bolsheviks wanted: an end to the war, land
back to the peasants, workers to own the
factories, & government power to the soviets
• Bolsheviks overthrow the government &
changed their name to the Communists
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
• Lenin gave up Poland, Ukraine, Finland &
Baltic provinces to Germany
• Thought the treaty would eventually be
irrelevant because he thought socialist
revolution would spread throughout
Europe
• Civil war breaks out in Russia – Allie
forces try to help
• Communists overcome & stay in control
The Last Year of the War
• Due to the Russian Revolution, Russia
drops out of the war
• Germany is now free to concentrate on
France
• General Erich Ludendorff of Germany
makes one last grand offensive – go after
France
• German troops arrive within 50 miles of
Paris in April of 1918
The Americans Arrive
• The German advance was stopped by
American troops & tanks – 140,000 fresh
troops had just arrived
• Allies begin their advance on Germany
• Germany admits defeat & Ludendorff
asks German officials to make peace
• U.S. doesn’t want peace – they want
Germany to be a democracy
Collapse of Germany
• Soldiers staged a mutiny & refused to
man ships
• Citizens & socialist leaders rebelled &
proclaimed the establishment of a
German Democratic Republic (the Kaiser
took refuge in the Netherlands)
• Germany was too exhausted to continue
the war & agreed to cease fire and end
the war: 11-11-18 in the 11th hour
Battle of Verdun
• the longest and one of the bloodiest engagements of
World War I. February 1916 – December 1916
• Two million men were engaged.
• The intention of the Germans had been a battle of
attrition in which they hoped to bleed the French
army white.
• In the end, they sustained almost as many casualties
as the French; an estimated 328,000 to the French
348,000.
Map 31.1: Major U.S. Operations in France, 1918
Figure 31.1: Approximate Comparative Losses in World War I
The War at Home
• Congress gave President Wilson direct
control over the economy
• Fixed pricing & regulation
• Produced ammunition, weapons & other
war supplies
War Industries Board
• Est. in 1917 and headed by Bernard Baruch
• Encouraged companies to use mass production
to increase efficiency
• It set production quotas & allocated raw
materials
• Industrial production increased 20%
• Applied price controls at the wholesale level
• Retail prices soared & corporate profits soared
WIB cont
• Influenced a change in women’s clothing
• Corsets required 8,000 tons of steel/year
that could be better used for building
battleships (could make two)
• Women stopped buying corsets
• Tall leather shoes disappeared (extra
leather went into soldiers’ boots)
• Long skirts turned into shorter hemlines
(fabric used for military uniforms)
More Government Regulation
• Railroad Administration: controlled
nation’s railroads
• Fuel Administration: monitored coal
supplies & rationed gasoline & heating oil
• People adopted: “gasless Sundays”,
“lightless nights”
• Introduced daylight saving time: March,
1918
War Economy
• Wages in metal trades, shipbuilding & meatpacking
increased 20%
• White collar workers: clerks, managers, lawyers lost
about 35% of wages
• Uneven wages led to an increase in union
memberships (4 million in 1919)
• Wilson enacted the National Labor Board
*deal with disputes between workers &
management
*”Workers told “work or fight”
* improved working conditions
War Economy cont…
• Food Administration: Herbert Hoover in
charge
• Organized a PR campaign: “gospel of the
clean plate”, one day a week “Meatless”,
“sweetless”, “wheatless”, “porkless”
• Homeowners planted “victory gardens”,
children grew tomatoes & cucumbers in
parks (School Garden Army)
• Because of these efforts American food
shipments to Allies tripled
War Economy cont…
• Hoover set a high government price on
wheat (gov’t bought & shipped to Europe)
• Farmers put an additional 40 million acres
into production – their income rose 30%
• Labor shortage brought over 1 million
women into the work force
*almost all of them lost their jobs when
the war ended
Selling The War
• Civilians need to sacrifice for the war
• Government embarked on a massive PR
campaign to justify civilian sacrifice &
sell the war
• Promoted patriotism (also manufactured
hate)
4. What was the job of
George Creel during the war?
• Committee on Public
Information
• His job was to sell America
the war.
• Creel tried to “whip” up
support for Wilson’s ideas
• Help US raise money to fight
• Recruited 75,000 men called
“ Four Minute Men”
• Spoke about everything
related to the war
• Delivered more than 7.5
million speeches
War Financing
• Government spent 33 billion on the war effort.
• Raised the money through taxes: on income &
goods like tobacco, liquor & luxury goods
• Sold war bonds
* movie stars would speak at rallies & encourage
people to buy
*Newspapers & billboards carried
advertisements
* war bond parades
• “Only a friend of Germany would refuse to buy
war bonds”
Attack on Civil Liberties
• Anti-Immigration Hysteria: bitter attacks
against German immigrants (lost jobs,
stopped teaching German language to
School kids, refused to play Mozart,
Bach, Beethoven)
• German measles became “liberty
measles”, hamburger became “Salisbury
steak”, sauerkraut became “liberty
cabbage”
Espionage & Sedition Acts
• A person could be fined up to $10,000
and/or sentenced to 20 years in jail for
interfering with the draft, obstructing the
sale of government bonds, saying he
about the government or the war effort
• Newspapers lost mailing privileges,
college professors lost jobs
• Targeted socialists & labor leaders
• Violated the First Amendment
Social Changes During the
War
• The war accelerated the movement of Southern
blacks to Northern cities: The Great Migration
*escape discrimination in the South
* opportunities to make more money in factories
• The war provided more job opportunities for
women
• About 500,000 Americans die from an
international flu epidemic (started in France &
brought to America by Chinese workers)
• Shut down many businesses & devastated the
economy
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
• President’s Wilson’s basis for a peace agreement
• Divided into 3 parts
• First five points addressed issues that Wilson believed
caused the war
* no secret treaties/arrive at agreements
*Freedom of the seas by all
* Tariffs among nations should be
lowered/foster free trade
*Arms should be reduced
* colonies policies should be between
colonies & imperial powers
Fourteen Points
• Second group of eight points specified
boundary changes
*based on self-determination – different
ethnic groups would decide for
themselves what nation to belong to
• The Fourteenth point called for an
international organization to address
diplomatic crisis – League of Nations
Fourteen Points
• Allied leaders reject Wilson’s plan
• Determined to prevent future invasions
• Wilson did not include the Central Powers
in the peace conference or the smaller
Allied nations
• Wilson conceded on most of the Fourteen
Points in return for the establishment of
the League of Nations
Treaty of Versailles
• Established nine new nations (Poland, Czech,
Yugoslavia)
• Carved out four new areas from the Ottoman
Empire (Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine) & gave
to Britain & France
• Demilitarized Germany-stripped of its Air
Force & most of its Navy
• Germany had to pay for the war - $33 billion
• Forced Germany to acknowledge it started the
WWI
Treaty Of VersaillesWeaknesses
• Treatment of Germany – really couldn’t have
lasting peace
• Germany detested the Treaty
• Never invited to peace talks
• Had to take responsibility for starting the war
• Lost land
• No way they could pay back the $33 billion
• Bolshevik government of Russia felt U.S.
ignored their needs(excluded from the peace
conference). Lost more territory than any other
country & determined to win it back
Treaty of Versailles Weaknesses
• Decisions about what to do with colonial
territories – caused international
instability
• Germany stripped of its colonial
possessions
• Ignored the claims of colonized people for
self-determination, like Southeast Asia
(Vietnam)
• Ho Chi Minh asked for Wilson’s help to
give Vietnam a constitutional government
Opposition to Treaty
• Herbert Hoover thought it too harsh
• Others thought of it as a sellout to
Imperialism
• Some believed it threatened the U.S.
foreign policy of staying clear of European
wars
• Senators wanted the same constitutional
right as congress to declare war
• When it came up for vote, the Treaty was
rejected