Transcript Chapter 29
Chapter 29 Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World 1 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Popular Sovereignty and Freedom Impact of Enlightenment : Kings to be made responsible to subject populations John Locke (1632-1704) Argues that rulers derive power from consent of ruled Voltaire –religious toleration Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) Argues for equality of all individuals, regardless of class, before the law The Social Contract (1762), argues that society is collectively the sovereign 2 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Colonial Problems French and Indian war in colonies went on around time of Seven Years War: Expensive, extensive England needed money---Increased Taxation Tax burden falls to the colonies Sugar Act (1764) Stamp Act (1765) Quartering Act (1765) (Housing British Troops) Tea Act (1773) Frustration builds 3 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The beginning of a Fight British products boycotted, officials attacked Protests Boston Tea Party (1773), tea dumped into Boston harbor in protest against Tea Act “no taxation without representation” Continental Congress formed (1774), coordinates colonists’ resistance to British policies July 4, 1776, adopts Declaration of Independence Influence of Locke: retention of individual rights, sovereignty based on consent of the governed 4 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Building an Independent State War-weariness sets in by 1780 British forces surrounded at Yorktown, Virginia Military conflict ceases, treaty at Peace of Paris, 1783 Freedom from British rule Surrender in October 1781 Recognition of American independence 1787 Constitution of the United States drafted Political and legal equality for men of property 5 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The French Revolution Serious fiscal problems in France War debts, 1780s 50% of tax revenues to war debts Extravagance of Royalty Leads to revolution more radical than the American Repudiation of many aspects of the ancien régime (the old order of France) 6 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Estates General Three Estates 1st Estate: Roman Catholic Clergy 2nd Estate: Nobles 3rd Estate: Everyone else Estates General founded 1303, had not met since 1614 One vote per estate Taxation on 3rd Estate (98% of the population paying all the taxes) 7 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1789 King Louis XVI calls Estates General for new taxes –wanted other Estates to pay. rd Estate demands greater social change - 3rd Estate secedes Renamed “National Assembly” July, mob attacks Bastille, bloody battle won by mob Declaration of Rights of MAN (American influence) Equality of men Women not included: Olympe de Gouges (Marie Gouze) unsucessfully attempts to redress Sovereignty resides in the people Individual rights 8 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Radicalization of Revolution “liberty, equality, fraternity” National Assembly abolishes old social order Seizes church lands, redefines clergy as civilians New constitution retains king, but subject to legislative authority Convention: elected by universal male suffrage Levée en masse: conscription for war to hold off counterrevolutionary forces Guillotine invented to execute domestic enemies 1793: King Louis and Queen Marie Antoinette 9 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794) “the Incorruptible,” leader of “Committee of Public Safety”—Most radical period of Revolution. Leader of Jacobin party Dominated Convention, 1793-1794 Churches closed, priests forced to marry Calendar reorganized: 10-day weeks, proclaimed Year 1 Executed 40,000; imprisoned 300,000 10 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Directory (1795-1799) Revolutionary enemies of the Jacobins 1794 Robespierre arrested, sent to guillotine Men of property take power in the form of the Directory Unable to solve economic and military problems of revolutionary France 11 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) Joins Directory 1799, then overthrew it Imposed new constitution, “Consul for life” then Emperor Concludes agreement with Pope: Concordat 1804 promulgates Napoleonic Code France retains church lands, but pay salaries to clergy Freedom of religion, also for Protestants, Jews Patriarchal authority - Became model for many civil codes Tight control, use of secret police 12 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Napoleon’s Empire Conquered large areas due to great military strategies Forced Austria and Prussia to enter into alliance Disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812- defeated by Russian weather Napoleon forced to abdicate, 1814 Exiled to Island of Elba, escaped to take power again for 100 days Defeated by British at Waterloo, exiled to St. Helena, dies 1821 13 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) Meeting after defeat of Napoleon Prince Klemens von Metternich (Austria, 17731859) supervises dismantling of Napoleon’s empire Established balance of power Worked to suppress development of nationalism 14 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Revolution in Haiti Only successful slave revolt Island of Hispaniola At time of Revolt: 40,000 white French settlers 30,000 gens de couleur (free people of color, i.e. mixed-race, freed slaves) 500,000 black slaves of African descent High mortality rate, many flee to mountains “Maroons,” escaped slaves 15 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Revolt Inspired by American and French revolutions 1789 white settlers demand self-rule, but with no equality for gens de couleur 1791 civil war breaks out Slaves revolt under Vodou priest named Boukman Toussaint Louverture (descendent of slaves) -built army of 20,000 -Created Constitution -Arrested, died in jail -Revolution lived after him and France loses. 16 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Latin American Society 30,000 peninsulares, colonial officials from Iberian peninsula 3.5 million criollos (creoles), born in the Americas of Spanish or Portuguese descent 10 million others African slaves, mixed-race populations 17 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Mexican Independence Napoleon’s invasion of Spain and Portugal (1807) weakens royal authority in colonies Priest Miguel de Hidalgo (1753-1811) leads revolt Creole general Augustin de Iturbide (1783-1824) declares independence in 1821 Hidalgo captured and executed, but rebellion continues Installs self as Emperor, deposed in 1823, republic established Southern regions form federation, then divide into Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica 18 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) Led independence movement in South America Native of Caracas (Venezuela), influenced by Enlightenment, George Washington Rebels against Spanish rule 1811, forced into hiding Forms alliances with many creole leaders José de San Martín (Argentina, 1778-1842) Bernardo O’Higgins (Chile, 1778-1842) Spanish rule destroyed in South America by 1825 19 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Brazilian Independence Napoleon’s invasion sends Portuguese royal court to exile in Rio de Janeiro 1821 King returns, son Pedro left behind as regent Pedro negotiates with creoles, declares independence of Brazil Becomes Emperor Pedro I (r. 1822-1844) Social structure remains largely intact 20 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The End of the Slave Trade Campaign to end slavery begins after American revolution England began with end of slave trade 1807. Others follow, but illegal trade continues until 1867 Haiti: slavery ends with revolution slavery abolished – Mexico, 1829; Britain, 1833 Others follow, but offer freedom without equality 21 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Enlightenment Ideals and Women Enlightenment thinkers remained conservative regarding women’s rights Rousseau argues women should receive education to prepare for lives as wives and mothers 22 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Nations and Nationalism “Nation” a type of community--Usually based on shared language, customs, values, historical experience (Sometimes common religion) Idea of nation has immediate relationship with political boundaries Cultural and political nationalism 23 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Zionism Theodor Herzl (Austria, 1860-1904)-Observed intense mob anti-semitism, concluded that Enlightenment and revolution could not solve this human ill Worked to create refuge for Jews by reestablishing Jewish state in Palestine Zion synonymous with Jerusalem 1897 convened first World Zionist Congress 24 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. National Rebellions Greeks in Balkan peninsula seek independence from Ottoman Turks, 1821 With European help, Greece achieves independence in 1830 Rebellions all over Europe, especially in 1848 Rebels take Vienna, Metternich resigns and flees But rebellions put down by 1849 25 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Unifications of Italy and Germany Italy and Germany formerly disunited groups of regional kingdoms, city-states, ecclesiastical states Germany: over three hundred semiautonomous jurisdictions Nationalist sentiment develops idea of unification Count Camillo di Cavour (1810-1861) and Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882) unify Italy under King Vittore Emmanuele II Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) advances Realpolitik (“the politics of reality”), uses wars with neighbors to unify Germany Second Reich proclaimed in 1871 (Holy Roman Empire the first), King Wilhelm I named Emperor 26 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.