Transcript ch27
New Governments: In Soviet Union, Communism was a new civilization with state Liberal Democracies granted women the right to vote and disenfranchised men. Made government responsible to a mass electorate Democratic Parliaments were created where they had never been before but 1. New nations lacked will and skill for democracy 2. Constitutions were flawed 3. Parliaments were corrupt Economics: Could not return to normalcy of pre-war era Economic power shifted to US Reparations caused nations to make policies for own benefit World market impacted because: 1. Russia was out 2. New countries were incapable of competing 3. New boundaries separated raw materials from factories 4. Nations created trade barriers Supported the war and won recognition and right to collective bargaining Got better wages Leaders appointed to councils. Government could not ignore labor demands Middle Class feared socialists and workers – became a conservative force willing to accept conservative governments (Fascists & Nazis) Unions: Russia Government Revolt Communist Revolt White Russians - Cadets and Red Russians Social Democrats Social Revolutionaries Epoch Historical Event Could not get organized Exportable Allied help failed Fear Marxist Theories Lenin’s Theories 1. Capitalism Doomed 1. 2. Bourgeoisie would be small, Proletariat would be larger - Evolution Imperialism is last stage of doomed capitalism 2. Proletariat will overthrow bourgeoisie…Workers of the World Unite! Proletariat and Peasant Revolution 3. Proletariat and Peasants led by revolutionary elite force 4. Dictatorship of Proletariat 4. Elite = Communist Party 5. State will wither away 5. All other parties will wither away 3. War Communism Civil War between White Russians and Red Russians enabled Communists to dictate organization and retain an army Actions: Seizes Trotsky and Cheka Results: Banks Repression Transportations systems Peasants Heavy Industry Baltic Fleet Grain Factory Workers Broke the support of proletariat and peasants who were tired of sacrifice Dictatorship of Communists NEP Lenin’s Reality Tolerated some capitalism 1. Peasants paid taxes but could sell surplus grain in the open market because Peasants were key to Lenin’s theory 2. Light industry and retail businesses flourished RESULT: Consumer goods not available for farmers. Russia became a land of small, discontented farmers and merchants. Trotsky Rapid Industrial growth financed with farm products Collectivized farming Stalin Slow Industrial growth Revolution outside Russia Socialism in one Country Criticize Party Seize control of Party with Purges – No Criticism Comiterm & 21 Terms (Bolsheviks) Modest free enterprise and small Landholding Moscow was model of Socialism Reject Revisionism Accept Communist Party Name Destroy democratic socialism that betrayed working class by working within parliamentary system Socialists v. Communists Italy FASCISM - Right wing dictators - Nationalistic in response to the spread of Communism First authoritarian government to result from fear of Communism Anti For: Democratic Middle Class Marxist Small businesses Parliamentary Property owners Semitic Small farmers Nationalism – State Single Party Terrorism “outside the state, no man or spiritual value can exist.” Background: Mussolini Band of Combat – War veterans upset with Treaty of Versailles, socialism and inflation Broke with socialism to champion the state Opportunist who changed ideas and principles to suit the occasion Main goal was political survival Conditions: Italian parliamentary system was broken, deadlocked. Some felt Italy had been cheated by Treaty Many strikes, workers seized factories, peasants seized land . The government did nothing to stop this Rise to Power: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Control: Allied with middle class (feared loss of property) against socialists who undermined national interests Formed Black Shirts-terror squads to purge Socialists (internationalists). Crimes ignored by Conservatives. Controlled local government in North 1921 election returned 34 Fascists to Chamber of Deputies 1922 Black Shirt March a. Victor Emmanuel III refused to sign a decree to allow army to stop the march. b. Italian Cabinet resigned in protest Mussolini made Prime Minister and given dictatorial powers by King and Parliament for one year. Election law allowed party with largest popular vote to take 2/3 seats in Chamber. No longer needed political parties to cooperate with each other to achieve a majority rule. No more coalition governments 1924 Fascists control Chamber and dissolve all other parties - dictator state Opposition members in Chamber resign when Black Shirts kill Matteotti but it gave Mussolini more power. Fascists dominated politics at every level. •Every government institution has a parallel party institution •All opposing parties are outlawed •Grand Council of Fascist party decides on candidates •Used propaganda •Lateran Accord 1929 with Catholic Church gives Mussolini acceptability. Pope was temporal leader of Vatican and state paid Church indemnity for territory it confiscated France Joyless victors who could not control economy or government Post War government was conservative • lenient Treaty of Versailles (are you serious?) • Wanted a Rhineland state for protection against Germany and Communism • 1920s saw 27 different cabinets Czechoslovakia Goals: 1. Strictly enforce Treaty 2. Make new alliances Poland Yugoslavia Romania Feeling isolated, Germany and Russia sign the Rapallo treaty for economic and diplomatic purposes. Aroused French concerns about German commitment to Versailles Poincare (C) - declared Germany in default of payments and occupied Ruhr mining. Germans order passive resistance (strike) and French sent own workers to run mines and railroads. Occupation alienated English and hurt German and French economies Leftists (Cartel des Gauches) recognized the Soviet Union and was lenient to Germany When value of franc fell, Poincare returned and prosperity continued until 1931 England swings as a Pendulum do Government Needed coalitions to rule… Electorate expanded to include all men and by 1928 all women 21 years old = more labour members who were no longer considered radical Liberal Party split between Asquith and George, liberals did have enough to become a majority so they joined with Conservative Party to hold a majority in Parliament Conservatives replace Liberals with Law, then Baldwin who imposed protective tariffs Labour get their first crack at governing with MacDonald - social reform with nationalization or seizure of property Conservatives and Baldwin return to improve economy - 11% unemployment • back to gold standard that raised price of English goods to foreign countries •Tried to lower prices by cutting wages that resulted in strikes •With so much unemployment, labor did not have leverage, Baldwin offered housing and Empire poor law reforms • Gandhi gained recognition…talk of Indian self-government… India won right protect own goods •Failure to pass Irish Home Rule Bill caused Easter uprising in 1916 that was brutally stopped. Irish in Parliament became radicals Sinn Fein who declared Irish independence and created the IRA under Eamon de Valera. Negotiations yielded the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland that stayed in the United Kingdom. Irish independence came in 1949. Trials of the Successor States…only enjoyed freedom from 1919 - 1989 Embodiment of nation self-determination and serve as buffer between Communism and the world. But it was very difficult to: • create a new parliamentary government in countries that had been ruled by kings and armies. Other countries had hundreds of years, they had 20 •Create an economy when all were dependent on foreign loans, except Czechoslovakia. All were agrarian based in an industrial world •All except Czechoslovakia faced pressure from minority groups within their borders that were not drawn along national lines. Poland Too many pieces from Germany, Austria and Russia to form one system of laws and a successful economy Czechoslovakia Had a strong industrial base with middle class Led by Thomas Masaryk Extreme German nationalists in Sudetenland would be the downfall Hungary Communist government under Kun but it was short lived Communists were executed or jailed. Lenin ordered Comintern to reject cooperation in the future Parliamentary government rule but most resented the Treaty, economy was depressed, followed anti-semetic policies Austria Viable economy Tried to suppress Nazis Yugoslavia Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes Fighting between Catholics, Orthodox and Muslims Germany Problems with the Weimar Constitution Social Democrats accepted humiliating terms Flaws with proportional representation, President would appoint or remove a chancellor and ARTICLE 48 (presidential dictatorship) Lacked support (people accepted constitutionalism but hated the Social Democrats for accepting terms) Ruhr invasion caused inflation that hurt the MIDDLE CLASS AND LOWER MIDDLE CLASS Resented reparations = $132 billion Inflation did not hurt DEBTORS (lower classes) Does any of this sound familiar to you ??? Hitler Depressed with a fiery temper … not a good mix life of hitler Anti-Semitic (Lueger) WWI gave him focus – National Socialist German Workers’ Party Twenty-Five Points 1. Repudiate Treaty 2. Unify Austria & Germany 3. Exclude Jews 4. Agrarian reform 5. Prohibit land speculation confiscate war profits 6. States control giant cartels 7. Replace department stores with small retail shops Socialis m was not state ownership of production but subordination of all to the state Socialism was not state ownership of production but subordination of all to the state Formed the SA under Roehm (brown shirts) that weakened Weimar Republic Oratorical skills, and organizational abilities helped Beer Hall Putsch Mein Kampf 1. opposed Bolsheviks & JEWS 2. living space for Germans 3. recovery of military 4. targeted Jews, eastern Europe, Soviet Union, any opposition He was the leader who could transform German, and he would do it legally. Stressman Years: abandoned passive resistance in the Ruhr introduced new currency crushed Hitler and communists Dawes Plan lowered payments Hindenburg becomes chancellor – conservatives Locarno – conciliation - HOPE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. accepted western frontier signed treaties of arbitration with Poland & Czechoslovakia Little Entente Germany in League Remove troops from Rhineland 5 years earlier Kellogg Briand Pact renounced war as an instrument of national policy Young Plan – lowered reparations Was this really a sign of Hope?