Transcript World War One (WWI)

BELLWORK
 Please
take out your MAIN foldables
from Friday. If you were not here,
grab a piece of paper and copy from
another student.
 Review:
What were the four MAIN
causes of WWI?
Militarism
 Alliances
 Imperialism
 Nationalism

The glorification of the military build-up of
sophisticated armies and navies.
 Caused mainly by the competition over
colonies and protection of those
territories.

 Alliance:
An agreement between 2 or
more countries where each will defend
each other if attacked.
 Supposed to be a deterrent for war.
 If you attack me you have to fight
them also.

Great Britain (GB), France, Germany, Russia, &
Italy


Disputes over boundaries and natural resources



All 5 competed over Africa, Asia/India, and the
Caribbean/South America.
Resulted in small conflicts, bitter feelings, and
aggressive attitudes.
Made a military build up necessary.
Bottom line: It was all about the Money and the
Power!
Pride and devotion towards one’s own
Country or Heritage.
 Competition over money, land, military,
resources, etc… thru:

 Imperialism
 Industrial

Revolution
Smaller countries/groups fed off of this
growing nationalism to help their causes
(gain independence):
 Serbia,
Austria-Hungary
 Bismarck
was fearful of France
 In 1882, Otto von Bismarck from Germany
formed an alliance with Austria-Hungary
 Italy joined in this alliance and it became
know as the Triple Alliance.
 Wilhelm forced Bismarck to resign
 In
Triple Entente
1890 France, who was fearful of
the Triple Alliance formed an alliance
with Russia
 1904 Great Britain also joined to form
an alliance known as the Triple
Entente.
 Russian also had an alliance with
(Serbia).
 This split Europe in half.
 Austria-Hungary
(A-H) contained a large
number of Slavic people.
 These Slavs envisioned an empire of
their own.
 Serbia supported this and pushed for a
Slavic nation called Yugoslavia.
 A-H was not willing to split its Empire up.
The Balkans
 So
when A-H annexed, or took over,
Bosnia-Herzegovina (from the failing
Ottoman Empire) Serbia was
outraged
 This further frustrated Serbia, and the
Balkan region was close to exploding
with tension, creating a “POWDER
KEG”
The Spark!
 Archduke
Franz
Ferdinand & wife
Sophie - heirs to
the throne in A-H
 Visit to Sarajevo
– shot to death:
June 28, 1914
The Ultimatum
Assassination organized
by the “Black Hand”
(secret society) – Gavrilo
Princip (Serbian)
 A-H gave Serbia an
ultimatum with several
conditions (with the
support of Germany)
 Serbia did not agree to all
of them
 Austria used this as an
excuse to declare war

Label with the 4 MAIN
causes and the
spark that set it off
 July
28, 1914 Austria-Hungary declared
war on Serbia
 Russia jumped in to support Serbia
 England, Italy, & Germany urged A-H to
negotiate with Russia, but it was too
late!
 All other allies join in. WWI has begun.
Russia had to defend Serbia or risk losing the
support of the Balkan Region. So it began to
Mobilize.
 Germany demanded Russia to step down, but
Russia knew they had the backing of France.
 On August 1, 1914 Germany declared war on
Russia, & 2 days later on France.
 Germany began an offensive against France by
going through Belgium (a neutral country).
 This angered G.B. and on August 4, 1914 they
declared war on Germany.

BELLWORK
Please take out your WWI
booklets from yesterday. Absent?
Go grab your TWO sheets from
the file.
You
will also need 3-6 colored
pencils/highlighters/markers
(whatever your preferred medium
is)
 Central
Powers: Germany, AustriaHungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria
 Called the central powers because
of the location of Germany & A-H in
Europe
 Allied Powers: France, Great Britain,
Russia, Japan, Italy and the U.S. will
join later
Created by a German
General named Alfred
Von Schlieffen in
1905.
 Germany knew it
faced a two sided war,
so Schlieffen created
a war plan

Schlieffen Plan
Germany assumed it
would take Russia a
long time to mobilize
at the start of war, so
they planned on
attacking France first
and reach Paris in 6
weeks.
 After securing France
they would turn their
attention to Russia.

Germany was too slow.
1.
•
They attacked through a heavily fortified
Belgium, slowing the German army.
Faced Heavy resistance.
2.
•
From France and G.B. which slowed their
advance even more.
Russia mobilized sooner than expected.
3.
•
Germany had to send divisions to the east,
weakening their attack in the west.
British forces in the north of France.
4.
•
This was an unexpected force Germany had
to deal with.
Germany’s plan almost
succeed and by Sept. 5, 1914
they were 30 miles from Paris.
 The Allies attack Germany at
the Marne River using every
available soldier and every
automobile including 600
taxicabs
 After 4 days of fighting, the
German generals called for a
retreat.
 Often called the single most
important battle of the war***

Battle of Verdun: February 1916
 German
offensive against France.
 Lasts more than 6 months.
 Both sides lose more than 300,000 men
Battle of the Somme: July – Nov 1916
 British
launch attack on the German to relieve
pressure on the French in the Somme NW of
Verdun.
 First day more than 20,000 British were killed
 Combined losses – 1 million
BELLWORK
Please take out your WWI
booklets from yesterday. Absent?
Go grab your TWO sheets from
the file.
Discuss
with a neighbor: What do
you know about Trench Warfare?
To protect themselves from the new weapons
of the world, especially machine guns, the
soldiers dug deep trenches.
 These trenches could be separated by a half
mile or just a few yards.

 The
area in between the trenches was known as:
“No Man’s Land”

No-man’s-land was filled with land mines,
barbed wire, and anything else to slow an
enemy down.
No Man’s Land
No Man’s Land Cont.
Trench Warfare Cont.
Soldiers attacked each other by going “over the
top of the trenches”
 Once they got out of the trenches they had to
run across no-man’s-land
 All the while the enemy was cutting them down
with machine guns, grenades, artillery, snipers,
soldier fire, and in some cases flame throwers.

Rebuilt
Trench
Reconnaissance Photo of German Trenches.
French Trench/Injured Soldier
French Trench






Russia was ill-equipped for war
Allies had difficulty supplying Russia because Central
Powers controlled all water access surrounding
Russia
After a short success the German and A-H forces
pushed them back
Russia’s greatest asset during the war was the size
of its military population.
Russia suffered massive losses, and had to leave the
war early due to a Communist revolt.
They signed a peace agreement with Germany in
1917 called “The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk”
Both Germany and Great Britain tried to control
the sea/Naval Rivalry
 Great Britain created a blockade of all ports
under German control. It was called “The
Hunger Blockade”.
 Germany and its allies had to get their supplies
through neutral countries at a very high cost.
 Germany tried to control the shipping lanes to
Great Britain by using U-Boats (submarines).

German boats that were
mostly submerged and
had a “new weapon” …
 Merchant ships heading
to Europe or G.B. were in
constant danger of UBoat attack.
 British strategy: to defeat
them, send one merchant
ship at a time, so U-boats
could not find them.
 This strategy did not
work very well.

Germany was the
first to use these.
 Mainly for sinking
Merchant ships.
 Germany sunk 3
million tons of
shipping.
 Over 50% of sailors
on U-Boats died.

U-Boats
BELLWORK
Please take out your WWI
booklets from yesterday. Absent?
Go grab your TWO sheets from
the file.
Discuss
with a neighbor: What
were the new weapons that made
their first appearance in WWI?
Flamethrowers
 Machine Gun
 Poison Gas
 Artillery
 Mortars
 Airplanes
 Tanks

Machine Gun
The cartridges were
inserted into cloth belts
and fed into machine guns
which could fire 600 –
1,000 cartridges per
minute.
 When the enemy would
charge in the open, they
would be cut down by the
hundreds.
 major reason for the
digging of trenches so
that soldiers could escape
their deadly hail of fire.

Soldiers
were
immediately
“mowed
down” by
the machine
gun.
Poison Gas
1915: Germany - goal was to kill or incapacitate
large numbers of the enemy so that their men could
charge unopposed and take the enemy trenches.
 This worked until both sides perfected gas masks
that protected them from the gas.

Tanks




Invented by the British and first used in 1916
armed with machine guns and cannons.
designed so they could attack the enemy trenches & break
the trench lines while being protected from enemy fire.
Fastest Tanks was 8mph
Artillery



Rapid-fire, breech loading artillery with great range
These guns had bores that were as big as fourteen inches
across and they fired shells the size of motorcycles
Their purpose was to smash and kill the enemy before you
launched your attack against them
Heavy Artillery on the Front Lines
Flamethrower
A stream of gasoline that was ignited at
the muzzle of the flamethrower.
 This jet of flaming fluid was then sprayed
on the enemy to kill or disable him.
 Germans first used this as a shock weapon
in 1916 to attempt to shock the Allies out
of their trenches.

Flame Thrower
Mortars

Mortars were used to lob large shells
straight into the air so that they would fall
directly into an enemy trench and destroy
it.
Zeppelins
Basically Large
Blimps.
 Used for
Bombing raids.
 Precursor to
Bombers.

London After a Zeppelin Attack!
At the beginning of the war two-seater planes were
used.
 It was the job of the observer to use a revolver, rifle, or
hand grenade against the enemy plane.
 After single-seater planes were invented with machine
guns on the front, a system allowing planes to have
forward firing machine guns that were synchronized with
the propellers.

Airplanes


Originally used for observation to keep a watch on
enemy troop movements.
Eventually they were armed with machine guns and
bombs.


Later in the war,
there were large
“dog fights”
These planes were
also used to drop
bombs on the
enemy from the air.
War in the Skies!
Dogfights were air
battles fought at close
quarters.
 Pilots maneuvered at
speed in order to gain
a favorable position
from which to shoot
the enemy.

Flying Was A VERY
Dangerous Business!!!!!
Electric Fence!





What was the main goal of most of these
weapons?
What weapon was most responsible for starting
trench warfare?
What weapon(s) was designed to overcome
trench warfare? How did it do this?
One of these weapons was so cruel in its effects
on men that it has not been used in war since.
Which one do you think it is? Why?
What revolution made all of these weapons
possible? Why?
Total War

Government takes over the economy
 Gov’t
told companies what and how much to
produce.
 Factories forced to produce war materials
Propaganda used to censor information
and create high moral for the war effort.
 Rationing: limited the civilian supply of
goods that were essential to the war.

 Leather,
meat, butter, sugar, metal
 Recruitment
of Soldiers
 Financing the war effort through the
sale of war bonds.
 Unifying the country behind the war.
 Conservation of resources.
 Participation in home-front
organizations to support the war
effort.
Tools Used In
Wartime
Propaganda
Demonization
Portraying the enemy as purely evil,
menacing, murderous and aggressive.
 It is obvious whom the public should hate
as the enemy is portrayed as a beast or
the devil himself.
 Often the enemy is blamed for committing
atrocities against women, children or other
non-combatants.

Emotional Appeals
Playing
on people’s emotions
to promote the war effort.
The emotion used most often
is fear as that is considered
the strongest emotion to
compel people to action.
Name Calling
Using
loaded labels to encourage
hatred of the enemy. Labels like
“Commies,” “Japs”, and “Huns”
reinforce negative stereotypes
Patriotic Appeals
Using
patriotic symbols
or language to appeal to
people’s national pride,
for example, the flag, a
Uncle Sam, etc…
Half-Truths or Lies
 Deception
or twisting the truth.
 Some element of truth may be
included to make an argument
more persuasive and believable.
Catchy Slogans
 Using
memorable phrases to foster
support for the war effort.
 For example, short phrases like
“Remember the Alamo!” have been
very successful in motivating
Americans to strongly support the use
of arms.
Evocative Visual Symbols
Using
symbols that appeal to
people’s emotions – like statues,
mothers and children, a wounded
soldier, - to promote the war
effort.
Humor or Caricatures
Capturing
the viewer’s
attention through the use of
humor to promote the war
effort.
The enemy is almost always
the butt of the jokes used by
propagandists.
Now that you have looked at
several examples of wartime
propaganda – you can make
your own poster for your project.
This can be counted as an
“artifact”! Just follow the
directions on the following slide!
Propaganda Poster
Use at least 1 wartime propaganda
objective and 3 tools in your poster.
 Your poster should reflect the time period
of WWI and be from a European country
 It needs to be your own creation – hand
drawn, or you may use clip art and the
internet.
 Your poster must be colorful and creative.



Women began to work
in industries that were
previously only held by
men (munitions,
weapons, plowed
fields, etc…)
Women left their jobs
once the war was over,
but it was an
important show of the
capabilities of the socalled “weaker” sex.

America was divided about the conflict.
 Irish
and German Americans favored the Central
Powers
 English and Scottish Americans favored the Allies
Majority of Americans felt it was a European
conflict and they had no business in it.
 Remain neutral
 President Woodrow Wilson was reelected using
the slogan:

 “He
kept us out of War”
1. Sinking of the Lusitania in 1915.

128 Americans died angering the public.
2. February 1, 1917, Germany announced a plan of
unrestricted submarine warfare on any merchant ships
heading to Europe or Great Britain.

U.S. then broke of all diplomatic relations with Germany.
3. March 1917, The Zimmerman Telegram
A telegram sent by Germany that was intercepted by G.B
and passed to the U.S.
 Telegram asked Mexico to support Germany in exchange for
German support in getting New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona
back from the U.S.

4. Finally the last straw was the sinking of 4 U.S.
merchant ships by German U-Boats.

On April 2, 1917 President Wilson asked
Congress to declare war on Germany
The U.S. Began sending a number of
merchant ships together (10-15).
 The ships were then surrounded by a number
of navy ships
 This was a great target for U-Boats, but the
risk was extremely great.
 If a U-Boat shot at a convoy a Destroyer
would break off and destroy the U-Boat.
 With this system the Allies began to
turn the tide of the war.

Even though the U.S. entered late they were
the deciding factor in the war.
U.S. gave:
 Financial assistance
 Military equipment
 Navy gave support and new strategies
 fresh troops
 only in the war for 18 months.
In July 1918, the Allies finally broke through
the German Lines.
 It took another three months for Germany
to surrender.
 On November 11, 1918 Germany signed an
armistice.
 Other Central Powers fell before Germany
surrendered.
 A-H was defeated by Italy

673 ships lost
22 countries involved
$186,333,637,000 spent on the war
8,538,315 deaths!
The Paris Peace Conference
The Treaty of Versailles
January 1919
Delegates
from 27 nations
gathered in Paris to work out
5 separate peace treaties
The Big Four
Woodrow Wilson (U.S.)
 David Lloyd George (G.B.)
 Vittorio Orlando (Italy)
 Georges Clemenceau (France)


These four made most of the decisions.
Wilson
Lloyd George
Orlando
Clemenceau
Leaders of Great Britain, Italy and France all
wanted to punish Germany for the war.
 Blamed Germany for the war and saw them as
the main aggressor.
 They wanted to seek revenge against Germany
and make sure Germany could never again be
an aggressor nation in Europe.

Wilson on the other hand wanted a peaceful
settlement where no country would be
punished.
 He
felt if you punish a country it would create
resentment and another world war could happen.
Fourteen Points
Wilson came with a 14-point plan.
 Called for the creation of the “League of
Nations”
 Called for self-determination for newly
formed or freed countries
 Free trade and no secret treaties
(Most of Wilson’s points were ignored or just
used as bargaining tools)
Treaty
that ended WWI led to WWII
Germany
had to pay war debt ($33
Billion)
Germany stripped of colonies.
Germany lost military.
Germany lost land and mostly its most
productive (money earning) land.
League of Nations
Precursor to the United Nations.
 All nations would come together to work
out their problems.
 If a country took matters into their own
hands, the League would step in.
 America never signed the Treaty of
Versailles because it feared it would get
dragged into another world war.

In the end most of Europe was not happy
with the treaties.
 People found themselves in a new country
where they did not want to be.
 Huge amounts of territory lost
 Germany collapsed into financial ruin
 Total war costs: Billions
 Bitter feelings and the economic
devastation faced by Germany left the
possibility of another world war.

Boundary Changes and the End of Empires

In Europe country lines were re-drawn.
 An
independent Poland was created from
Germany, A-H, and Russia.
 A-H was broken up and left a small weak country.

New Nations were created in eastern Europe
creating buffer states between Russia and
Germany.
 Finland,
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland,
Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia.

Middle East: Ottoman Empire ends - the Arab
states were not given their independence as
promised by the Allies
1914
Name 5 countries that were created at the end of World War I:
1919
List 4 countries created out of the
Ottoman Empire: