Transcript Really Old Stuff 600 C.E. to around 1450

Not So Old Stuff
1750 - 1914
Industry and Imperialism
 Two Consequences of Industrialism
 Countries with industrial technology were
able to easily conquer those without the
industrial technology
 Factories needed access to raw materials
and markets to sell those products
(colonies)
 Industrial imperialists turned towards
Africa and Asia after the New World was
freed of European control
The Industrial Revolution
 Began in Britain and then spread to
Belgium, France, Germany, Japan, and
U.S.
 Agriculture Revolution
 Growth of food output
 New crops
 Crop rotation rather than 3-field system
 Mechanized technology for plowing,
seeding, reaping, fertilizing – used less
labor
Technological Innovations
 Before IR – inefficient domestic system
 Flying shuttle, spinning jenny, cotton gin – led to
the textile industry taken out of home and into the
mills
 Steam Engine – required coal
 Inventions:
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Telegraph
Telephone
Light bulb
Combustion Engine (car)
Radio
Airplane – Orville and Wilbur Wright
 Medical – x-rays, vaccinations, Darwin-natural
selection
Factory System
 Factories became highly efficient
 Interchangeable parts – Eli Whitney
 Assembly line – Henry Ford
 Factory workers worked long and hard
– 16 hour days – young children –
women worked hard, yet still expected
to fulfill traditional duties
 Charles Dickens
New Economic and Social
Philosophies
 New Industrialized Class system
 New Aristocrats – wealth from Industrialization
 Middle Class – managers, accountants,
ministers, lawyers, doctors
 Factory workers
 Adam Smith – Free Market System –
private ownership; products should be sold
in a free and open market; laissez-faire
capitalism – would lead to better
opportunities to everyone
 Karl Marx – German economist and
philosopher
 Wrote The Communist Manifesto –
foundation of socialism and communism
 Working class would eventually revolt and
take control of the means of production
 Believed that the government, courts,
police, church were on the side of the rich
and against the workers
 Luddites – British workers that revolted but
some were executed.
 People began to see the inhumane side
of the factory system
 Two Basic Opinions
 Capitalism is good, just needs reform to
minimize the bad effects – US, Britain
 Capitalism is bad and needs to be
replaced (with Socialism) – Russia
 Most of Europe mixed the two: Socialism
and Capitalism
 Capitalism and Enlightenment Combine
 Britain passes Factory Act of 1883 –
limited work hours, restricted child labor,
required safe work conditions
 Labor unions were formed
 Eventually improved standard of living and
social mobility
 Women left factories and returned to
traditional roles in the home
 Women’s suffrage movement
 Many however fled Europe to N. and S.
America looking for improvement or
escaping cruelties at home.
 In search of Natural Resources
 European countries exploited their
colonies for their natural resources;
Europe became extremely wealthy at their
colonies expense
 The rest of the world became exposed to
Europe and European ideas
 Limited raw materials depleted faster than
at any time in human history
 European Justification
 Europe was very ethnocentric and viewed
other cultures as barbarian and uncivilized
 Social Darwinists (Charles Darwin) - the
dominant race would rise to the top – “the
survival of the fittest”; since Britain was the
most powerful, then they were superior to
other races
 Rudyard Kipling wrote “White Man’s Burden” –
Europeans had a moral obligation dominate or
“teach” other people how to be more civilized.
European Imperialism in India
 India – Mughal Empire – in decline due to
fighting wars and religious conflict (Islam and
Hinduism); European traders already there for
tea, sugar, silk, salt and jute
 France and England – rivaled in N. America,
Europe and India (England wins all three)
 British East India Company defeat the French in
the Bengal region
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Continued to weaken Mughals
Set up administrative regions all throughout India
1798 – Ceylon (Sri Lanka) falls to Britian
Early 1800’s N. India fall to Britain
 Sepoy
 Indians who worked for British
 Became increasingly alarmed by the company’s
progression; did not respect the local customs
 Sepoys tried to rebel, but was crushed
 British parliament steps in and took control of
India away from the East India Company; all of
India became a crown colony; the last Mughal
emperor was sent into exile
 India became model of British imperialism;
upper castes were educated – dreamed of
freeing India from Britain
 Indian National Congress – began the path
toward independence (wouldn’t happen until
after WWII)
European Imperialism in China
 Britain introduced China to opium which leads to
a widespread and destructive drug habit
 Manchu emperor issued edict banning the sell or
use of opium; seized British Opium in Canton in
1839
 Opium War – Britain’s military overwhelmed
China; signed Treaty of Nanjing – Britain was
allowed to expand opium trade in China
 1843 – Britain declared Hong Kong as a crown
possession.
 2nd Opium War – China Defeated
 Britain fought more for trading rights rather than
the establishment of colonies
 The world realized that China was weak
 The Chinese knew that their government
was weak
 White Lotus Rebellion (failed)
 Taiping Rebellion (failed)
 Sino-French War – lost Vietnam to France
 Sino-Japanese War – gave Japanese
control of Taiwan and trading rights (Japan
also defeated Korea)
 Spheres of influence – France, Germany,
Russia, Britain all had a slice of China; not
quite colonies
 The Boxer Rebellion
 Boxers – anti-Manchu, anti-European, antiChristian; organized themselves in response to
the Manchu govt.’s defeats
 Used guerilla warfare tactics – slaughtered
missionaries and took over foreign embassies
 Foreign reinforcement quickly put down the
rebellion – Manchus were forced to sign Boxer
Protocol – formally apologize and pay
Europeans and Japanese
 Manchu Dynasty ended – a republic was
established
European Imperialism in Japan
 Commodore Matthew Perry shocked Japan
out of their isolationism with his steamboat
 Treaties that favored US
 Treaty of Kanagawa
 Japanese nationalists revolted against
shogun that signed these treaties and
restored Emperor Meiji to power
 Westernization – Japan would emerge as a
world power
 Universal Military Service of all men –
samurai warrior class was abolished
 After their own Industrial Revolution,
Japan could compete equally with
Europe and U.S.
 Became their own imperial power:
 Defeated China – controlled Korea and
Taiwan
 Russo-Japanese War – kicked Russia out
of Manchuria
European Imperialism in Africa
 Between 1807 and 1820 – The slave
trade was abolished (but slavery still
existed)
 Some former slaves returned to Africa
(US Slaves emigrated to Liberia)
 Europe would then turn to control Africa
 South Africa
 Dutch first established ports in Cape Town
 British seized Cape Town and the Boers
(Dutch) moved interior (Transvaaldiscovered gold and diamonds)
 Boer War – British wins and annexed S.
Africa and gains control over the resources
(gold and diamonds)
 1910 – Union of South Africa – had their
own constitution (only white men could
vote); African National Congress – effort to
oppose British colonialism
 Egypt
 Ottomans Ruled Egypt – very weak
 Napoleon tries to conquer – Muhammad Ali
defeats French and Ottomans and gains control
 Ali begins westernization and industrialization
 Suez Canal construction begins with help of the
French (connects Med. Sea with Indian Ocean)
 Egypt need money and started selling stock in
its canal – Britain bought it, and controlled the
canal and moved its way into Egypt (however
Egyptians remained in political power)
 France went to Nigeria and Italians became
interested in Africa as well
 Race of Colonization of Africa
 Berlin Conference – set up rules of
European colonization of Africa
 Almost entire continent was
colonized by Europe – had direct
control over colonies (except
Britain)
 Had no concern of boundary lines
as far as cultural groups and
disrupted traditional tribal boundary
lines
American Revolution
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France and Britain battle over lands in N.
America
French and Indian War (in Europe called the
Seven Years’ War) – Britain wins and pushes
France to the North and England’s territory
pushed Westward
Britain wanted colonists to help pay for the war
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Acts were passed to increase revenue for the war
No representation in England’s parliament
Thomas Paine – Common Sense – encouraged
colonists to support independence movement
France volunteers to help colonists (to avenge
the Seven Years’ War)
French Revolution
 Huge War Debt – needed to raise taxes
 Calls the Estates General meeting (hasn’t
met in 175 years)
 1st Estate – Clergy (church workers)
 2nd Estate – Noble families
 3rd Estate – everyone else; 95% of population
(peasants, middle class, etc.)
 3rd estate unhappy with no new
constitutional rights declared themselves
the National Assembly – storms the Bastille
(a huge prison); Anarchy begins
 The Declaration of the Rights of Man
 Abolished feudal system
 Right to worship
 Took king and his family to Paris so they
couldn’t interfere
 Creates first modern nation-state
 National Assembly ratifies a new
constitution (constitutional monarchy – kept
the king as executive power)
 Due to family ties, Austria and Prussia
invade France to restore the monarchy
 New constitution – Convention – abolished
monarchy, France is a republic, Jacobins
imprison royal family and beheads the king
 Reign of Terror
 Committee of Public Safety – led by
Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobins
 Beheaded thousands of French citizens for
anti-revolutionary ideas
 France takes back the Committee and
beheads Robespierre; new constitution –
the Directory – Five man Govt.
 One of the men in the Directory was
Napoleon
 Napoleonic Code
 Made France an aggressor
 France (Napoleon) builds an empire
across Europe
 Invaded Russia but was forced back,
caused the demise of his army and
was forced to go into exile – tried to
return from exile and attempt to regain
power but was defeated at Waterloo
 Congress of Vienna
 Tried to rebalance European powers
 Restored Monarchs (what France had
worked so hard to overcome)
Latin America Independence
 Haiti – 1st independent nation
 90% of population were slaves;
Pierre Toussaint L’Ouverture – a
former slave – leads a Haitian
revolt
 Yellow fever killed many French
 L’Ouverture was captured, but his
lieutenant Dessalines, declares
Haiti a republic
 South America
 Napoleon appointed his brother to
Spanish crown, however colonists
remained loyal to their Spanish
King
 Simon Bolivar – appointed leader
in Venezuela
 Formed national congress – declared
themselves independent from Spain
 Won freedom for Gran Columbia
 Wanted a huge S. American country
(like the U.S.)
 Jose de San Martin
 Argentina
 Creole Military officer in Spanish Army
 Joined O’Higgins of Chile and took the
revolutionary movement through Chile and Peru
(where he joined forces with Bolivar)
 Brazil
 Portuguese family fled to Brazil (Napoleon
invaded Portugal)
 Pedro – king’s son, considered Brazil his
home and when the family returned, he
stayed declaring them independent from
Portugal
 Pedro II – coffee exporter; abolished slavery
 Landowners revolted and established a
republic
 Effects of Independence
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Did not cause widespread freedom
Slavery and peasants still existed
No middle class
Catholic Church was very powerful and
supported the wealthy landowners
 Economies of LA was still dependent
on Europe (did not diversify and still
participated in Europe’s mercantilism)
 Chile, Brazil and Argentina were
exceptions
Unification of Italy and
Germany
Refer back to the packet
of Notes you have!!!
Other Political Developments
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Russia
 Czars had absolute power
 Most were serfs with no rights
 Secret police were used to squash
rebellion
 Alexander II – Emancipation Edict –
abolished serfdom – serfs were given
land but had to pay huge payments to
government to keep; some moved to
cities
 Small middle class begin to emerge
 Russian artists:
 Tolstoy – Anna Karenina and War and
Peace
 Dostoyevsky – The Brothers Karamazov
 Tchaikovsky – Swan Lake and The
Nutcracker
 Russian intellectual class begin to speak
against monarchy
 Forms The People’s Will and assassinate
Alexander II
 Alexander III – Russification – everyone
was expected to learn Russian language
and convert to Russian Orthodoxy
 Nicholas II – Socialists were
organizing; suffered loss of
Japanese-Ruso war (lost
Manchuria); Bloody Sunday – troops
fired on a peaceful protest
 Czar attempted reforms (created
prime minister and duma-a body
intended to represent the people);
reforms were too late
 Ottoman Empire
 Continuous fight with Russia over the
Balkans and the Black Sea.
 Greece, Egypt, Arabia – successful
independence movements
 Crimean War – Britain and France try
to keep the Ottoman Empire going so
that Russia would not overtake the E.
Mediterranean sea
 Russia is defeated in the Crimean War
 U.S. Foreign Policy
 Monroe Doctrine – President Monroe
wanted to ensure that Europe would not
recolonize the Americas; Britain backed up
in fear of Spain trying to recolonize
 Latin America saw this as a way of U.S.
imperializing against them
 U.S. built Panama Canal – after Panama
was encouraged to declare independence
from Columbia
 Spanish American War – U.S. helped Cuba
and Puerto Rico revolutionaries; US
defeated Spanish Navy and gained control
of Guam, Puerto Rico and Philippines; Cuba
was given independence, in exchange the
US built two naval bases in Cuba
IMPORTANT:
Read Pulling It All
Together: pg 214-216