Transcript History of USA

History of USA (I)
Timelines
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1. Pre-Colonial era
2. Colonial period
3. American Revolution(1776-1789)
4. Early years of the republic (1789-1849)
5. 19th century
6. 20th century
7. 21th century
1. Pre-Colonial Era
• It is not definitely known how or when Native
Americans first settled the Americans and the
present-day United States.
• The prevailing theory proposes that people have
arrived in Alaska by crossing the Bering land
bridge, at least 14,000 - 30,000 years ago. Some
of these groups migrated south and over time
spread throughout the Americas.
• These were the ancestors to modern Native
Americans in the United States and Alaskan
Native peoples, as well as all indigenous peoples
of the Americas.
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Pre-Colonial Era
Bering land bridge
Migration route of earliest
Americans, descendants of
Asian hunters who crossed the
Bering Land Bridge from
Siberia into Alaska by 12,000
B.C. or earlier.
People reached the American
Bottom by 10,000 B.C.
Pre-Colonial Era
• The Bering Strait was
tied together
• It was possible to for
the migrants to walk
from Asia to Alaska.
Pre-colonial Era
Native Americans
• Were skilled hunters and fishermen
• Developed the brilliant American civilizations of
the Aztecs, the Incas and the Mayas.
Pre-colonial Era
Discovery of the New World
• What is the New World and why?
– The New World is one of the names used for the
non-Eurasian/non-African parts of the Earth,
specifically the Americas and Australia.
– When the term originated in the late 15th century,
the Americans were new to the Europeans, who
previously thought of the world as consisting only
of Europe, Asia, and Africa (collectively, the Old
World)
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Discovery of the New World
The Old World and the New World
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Discovery of the New World
Christopher Columbus
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Discovery of the New World
• In 1492 Columbus set sail for Asia but found the
Americas instead, exploring several islands of the
Caribbean Sea.
• In the following years Columbus made three more
voyages, and many other Spaniards explored the
Caribbean islands and mainland.
• Spanish navigator Ferdinand Magellan became the first
European to round the tip of South America during a
1519-1522 voyage that became the first circumnavigation
of the world.
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Discovery of the New World
Ferdinand Magellan
2. Colonial Period
• After a period of exploration by people from
various European countries, Spanish, Dutch,
English, French, Swedish, and Portuguese
settlements were established.
▫ Spanish, Dutch and French colonization
▫ British colonization
Colonial Period
• Spanish, Dutch, and French Colonization
– Spanish explorers were the first Europeans to
arrive in US . The Spanish created the first
permanent European settlement in US at St.
Augustine, Florida in 1565.
– Dutch established its colonial province on the
eastern coast of North America (New Netherland,
1614).
– French colonization in Canada, Acadia, Hudson
Bay, Newfoundland and Louisiana between 1534
and 1763.
Colonial Period
 British Colonization
 For wealth
 e.g. The first successful English colony: Virginia (1607)
 For religion (refuge place, religious freedom, religious toleration)
 e.g. Rigid Puritans (Pilgrims in the ship Mayflower) Settled
at Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620.
 e.g. Roger Williams set up Rhode Island colony for religious
freedom and the separation of church and state
 e.g. Maryland was settled in 1634 as a refuge for Roman
Catholics
 e.g. Pennsylvania was founded in 1681 as a refuge for
Quakers
 By 1733, English settlers had occupied 13 colonies along the Atlantic
ocean, from New Hampshire in the north to Georgia in the south.
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Colonial Period
• British Colonization (cont’d)
▫ The first successful English colony was Jamestown, Virginia,
established in 1607.
▫ The venture was financed and coordinated by the London
Virginia Company, a joint stock company looking for gold.
▫ Its first years were extremely difficult, with very high death rates
from disease and starvation, wars with local Indians, and little
gold.
▫ The colony survived, barely, by turning to tobacco as a cash crop.
By the late 17th century, Virginia’s export economy was largely
based on tobacco, and new, richer settlers came in to take up
large portions of land, build large plantations and import
indentured servants and slaves.
▫ With easy navigation by river, few towns and no cities developed;
planters shipped directly to Britain. High death rates and a very
young population profile characterized the colony during its first
years.
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British Colonization (III)
 Mayflower voyage and Plymouth Settlement
 In 1620 the first group of Puritans arrived from England.
They were so called because they represented the rising
bourgeoisie of the time and wished to “purify” the Church
of England, the established church, with the king as its
head.
 In order to escape from religious persecution at home, a
group of Puritans set sail for America on a ship called the
Mayflower.
 The vessel left England on September 16, and after a
grueling 66-day journey marked by disease, which
claimed two lives, the ship dropped anchor inside the
hook tip of Cape Cod on November 21.
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British Colonization
 Mayflower voyage and Plymouth Settlement
 The Mayflower originally was destined for Jamestown
Settlement. However, the Mayflower went off course as
the winter approached, and remained in Cape Cod Bay.
 The settlers stole the corn and looted and desecrated the
graves, sparking friction with the locals. They moved
down the coast to what is now Eastham, and explored the
area of Cape Cod for several weeks, looting and stealing
native stores as they went. They decided to relocate to
Plymouth after a difficult encounter with the local native
Americans and thus established the Plymouth colony.
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3. American Revolution
• Between 1776 and 1789, the USA became an
independent country , creating and ratifying its
new constitution, and establishing the federal
government.
• This period witnessed the American Revolution.
American Revolution-Timeline
• 1775, 13 colonies began rebellion
• 1776, proclamation of independence
• 1777, victory at Saratoga, the turning point of
American revolution
• 1781, surrender of Britain
• 1783, Treaty of Paris represented the formal
acknowledgement of the US as an independent
nation
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American Revolution: General
• The American Revolution refers to the political upheaval
during the last half of the 18th century in which the
Thirteen Colonies of North America overthrew the
governance of the British Empire and collectively became
the nation of the United States of America.
• In this period, the colonies first formed self-governing
independent states, and then united to defend that selfgovernance in the armed conflict from 1775 to 1783
known as the American Revolutionary War (or the
“American War of Independence”).
• The War resulted in the states breaking away from the
empire with the Declaration of Independence in 1776,
victory on the battlefield in October 1781, and British
recognition of United States sovereignty and
independence in 1783.
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Causes of the revolution
 Firstly, long-term social, economic, and political changes
in the colonies before 1750 provided the basis for an
independent nation with representative political
institutions.
 Next, more immediately, the French and Indian War
(1754-1763) changed the relationship between the
colonies and their mother country.
 Finally, a decade of conflicts between the British
government and the colonists, beginning with the Stamp
Act crisis in 1765, led to the outbreak of war in 1775 and
the Declaration of Independence in 1776.
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Causes of the revolution
1.
2.
3.
4.
The American people
The political systems
Rapid economic growth
French and Indian War
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Causes: The American People
• Rapid population growth, racial and ethnical
diversity and religious diversity made the
American colonies more difficult for Britain to
rule.
• It was therefore an important precondition for
the rise of an independence movement and the
subsequent emergence of a unique American
nationality.
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The Political System (1)
• Colony loyalty and lack of national
consciousness
• In 1750 there was little political basis for a national
consciousness in the colonies of British North America.
• The inhabitants’ first political allegiance was to their own
colony.
• Each of the 13 colonies was a separate entity, with its
own governor and legislative assembly.
• The lower house of each legislature was elected by the
adult white men who were property owners.
• However, the upper houses, or councils, and the
governors were chosen in different ways depending on
the type of colony.
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The Political System (2)
• In 1750 there were no governmental bodies or political parties
that could formulate policy for the colonists as a whole. Such
intercolony ties were created only in response to political
events that affected all the colonies—first the French and
Indian War and then the struggle for independence.
• Nevertheless, the colonies shared one important political
institution.
▫ Each colony had a representative assembly with authority to
make laws covering most aspects of local life.
▫ The assemblies had the right to tax; to appropriate money for
public works and public officials; and to regulate internal trade,
religion, and social behavior.
▫ Although the British government was responsible for external
matters, such as foreign affairs and trade, the American colonists
had a great deal of self-government during the colonial period.
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The Political System (3)
• The capable leaders of the assemblies took the
lead in the independence struggle. These wellfunctioning representative institutions would
form the basis for the new state governments.
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Economic growth
 Economic growth paved the way for the independence
movement.
 This economic system was based on the production of
wheat, cattle, corn, tobacco, and rice in America for export
to the West Indies, Britain, and Europe.
 Southern agriculture was founded on the cultivation of
tobacco, wheat, and corn in Virginia, Maryland, and North
Carolina, and of rice and indigo in South Carolina and
Georgia. There was a large demand for these crops in
Europe. These crops were cultivated with the help of black
slaves imported from Africa. The white planter class in the
South was the most powerful, both politically and
economically.
 Wheat was the main cash crop of the mid-Atlantic colonies
of Pennsylvania, New York, and New Jersey. These colonies,
along with those in New England, exported wheat—along
with corn, cattle, horses, fish, and wood—primarily to the
West Indies, where their merchants received bills of
exchange from merchant houses in Great Britain. These
credits were then used to purchase British manufactured
goods.
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French and Indian War
• Different names: In America it is known as the French
and Indian War (1754-1763). In Europe it is called the
Seven Years’ War because the fighting there lasted from
1756 to 1763.
• Cause of the war: French wanted to expand its colonies
in North America, thus resulting conflict first with native
Indians and then British.
• The war in North America was fought mostly throughout
the Northern colonies.
• In the end Great Britain defeated France. During the
peace negotiations, Britain acquired French holdings in
Canada and Florida from France’s ally, Spain.
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French and Indian War (2)
• Before the war: Great Britain had practiced a
policy of salutary (benign) neglect, not insisting
on strict enforcement of laws. During this period,
the colonists developed a nearly independent
political and economic system.
• After the war: However, British leaders
reevaluated their relationship with the colonies,
ending the policy of salutary neglect and
proposing reforms and new taxes.
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French and Indian War (3)
Consequence:
The war had left Great Britain deeply in debt.
British leaders viewed American prosperity as a
resource and taxing the colonies as a means to
relieve British debt.
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Origins of the revolution
• Britain’s victory in the Seven Year’s War led
directly to a conflict with its American colonies.
• The Britain government argued that Britain had
spent large sums of money to defend their
American colonies in those wars, and that the
colonists therefore should pay a part of those
expense.
• As a result, the British government began to
enact act to charge new taxes on sugar, coffee,
textiles and other imported goods.
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Stamp Act 1765
• In 1765 the Stamp Act was the first direct tax ever
levied by British Parliament on the colonies, a tax
on the colonies without going through the colonial
legislatures.
• All newspapers, almanacs, pamphlets, and official
documents—even decks of playing cards—were
required to have the stamps.
• All 13 colonies protested fiercely.
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Tea Act and Boston Tea Party (1)
• The Tea Act, passed by Parliament in May of 1773.
• The act was not intended to raise revenue in the
American colonies, and in fact imposed no new taxes.
• It was designed to prop up the East India Company
which was in financial difficulty and burdened with
eighteen million pounds of unsold tea.
• This tea was to be shipped directly to the colonies, and
sold at a bargain price.
• However, and the radical leaders in America found
reason to believe that this act was a maneuver to buy
popular support for the taxes already in force.
• The direct sale of tea, via British agents, would also have
undercut the business of local merchants.
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Tea Act and Boston Tea Party (2)
• Colonists in Philadelphia and New York turned the tea
ships back to Britain.
• In Charleston the cargo was left to rot on the docks.
• In Boston the Royal Governor was stubborn and held the
ships in port, where the colonists would not allow them
to unload.
• On December 16, 1773, a group of men, led by Samuel
Adams and dressed to evoke American Indians, boarded
the ships of the government-favored British East India
Company and dumped an estimated £10,000 worth of
tea on board into the harbor.
• This event became known as “the Boston Tea Party”.
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Intolerable Acts 1774
• The British government responded by passing several Acts which
came to be known as the Intolerable Acts, which further darkened
colonial opinion towards the British.
• They consisted of four laws enacted by the British parliament:
• The first was the Massachusetts Government Act, which altered the
Massachusetts charter and restricted town meetings.
• The second Act, the Administration of Justice Act, ordered that all
British soldiers to be tried were to be arraigned in Britain, not in the
colonies.
• The third Act was the Boston Port Act, which closed the port of
Boston until the British had been compensated for the tea lost in the
Boston Tea Party.
• The fourth Act was the Quartering Act of 1774, which allowed royal
governors to house British troops in the homes of citizens without
requiring permission of the owner.
• The First Continental Congress endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, which
declared the Intolerable Acts to be unconstitutional, called for the
people to form militias, and called for Massachusetts to form a Patriot
government.
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American War of Independence
1.
2.
3.
4.
The beginning of the war
United States Declaration of Independence
Treaty of Paris
Establishment of Constitution
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The beginning of the war
• The Battle of Lexington and Concord, taking
place on April 19, 1775, marked the first fighting
of the American Revolutionary War.
Declaration of Independence
• IN 1776, the second Continental Congress voted
unanimously for the independence “of the
thirteen United States of America”
• The philosophy behind
▫ All men are crated equal
▫ Men have a natural right to “Life, Liberty and the
pursuit of Happiness
▫ Any government may be dissolved when it fails to
protect the rights of the people
Saratoga Campaign 1777
• It was an attempt by the Britain to gain military
control of the strategically important Hudson
River valley during the American Revolutionary
War.
• It is the turning point of American Revolution.
• The American victory was an enormous morale
boost to the fledgling nation, and it convinced
France to enter the conflict in support of the
United States, openly providing money, soldiers,
and naval support, as well as a wider theater of
war.
The Later Stage of the Revolution
War
• With the British in control of most northern
costal cities and Patriot forces in control of the
hinterlands, the British attempted to force a
result by a campaign to seize the southern
states.
• They failed to win enough support from the
loyalists, and much of the territory they left
behind dissolved into a chaotic guerrilla war, as
the bands of Loyalist one by one were
overwhelmed by the patriots.
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Treaty of Paris
• Finally in 1781, after several more years of fighting with
the aid of the French, the Americans won a decisive
victory at Yorktown, Virginia. Then English army led by
General Cornwallis was forced to surrender on October
19, 1781, and the war came to an end.
• A peace treaty, known as the Treaty of Paris, was signed
in Paris on September 3, 1783.
• It gave the U.S. all land east of the Mississippi River and
south of the Great Lakes, though not including Florida,
which Britain entered into a separate agreement with
Spain On September 3, 1783, and ceded Florida back to
Spain.
The Establishment of Constitution
• The Constitution called for a federal government—limited in
scope but independent of and superior to the states—within
its assigned role able to tax and equipped with both Executive
and Judicial branches as well as a two house legislature.
• The national legislature—or Congress—envisioned by the
Convention embodied the key compromise of the Convention
between the small states which wanted to retain the power
they had under the one state/one vote Congress of the Articles
of Confederation and the large states which wanted the weight
of their larger populations and wealth to have a proportionate
share of power.
The Establishment of Constitution
• On May 25, 1787, the constitution was drafted.
• In June 1789, the constitution came into effect in
nine states.
▫ Established a stronger federal government
▫ A Supreme Court
▫ The principle of a “balance of power” to be maintained
among the three branches of government
• Ten amendments-The Bill of Rights-were added to
the Constitution in 1791. It guaranteed individual
liberties such as freedom of speech and religious
practice, jury trials.
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Significance of the War
• The war, though seemingly one to replace a distant
government with a local one, was a unique and radical
event that produced deep changes and had a profound
impact.
• By smashing the fetters of British rule, it gave the
colonies their right to national independence and
assured US capitalism of a free development.
• Furthermore, genuinely democratic politics became
possible after the war. The rights of the people were
incorporated into state constitutions. Thus came the
widespread assertion of liberty, individual rights,
equality and hostility toward corruption which would
prove core values of republicanism to Americans.
• The greatest challenge to the old order in Europe was the
challenge to inherited political power and the democratic
idea that government rests on the consent of the
governed.