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Latin America The duration and isolation of early American cultures a) kept them from developing many of the attributes of civilization. b) prevented the formation of social classes and slavery. c) distinguished them from the world's other major cultural regions. d) resulted in irreversible damage to the environment. e) protected them from the ills of civilization. Ans: c What plants were domesticated and formed the staple of the Mesoamerican diet? a) Corn, beans, and squash b) Grapes, wheat, and olives c) Wheat, barley, and legumes d) Taro, plantains, and melons e) Rice, yams, and plantains Ans: a The staple food of Mesoamerica was a. squash. b. beans. c. fish. d. maize. * e. potato. The first society of Mesoamerica, which founded traditions followed by all later societies, was the a. Maya. b. Olmec. * c. Teotihuacan. d. Mochica. e. Aztec. The makers of the “giant head” carvings in Mesoamerica were part of which civilization? a) Olmec b) Toltec c) Zapatec d) Oaxacan e) Chavín Ans: a The only domesticated beast of burden in the Andean region was the a) horse. b) llama. c) camel. d) bison. e) vicuña. Ans: b The Olmecs traded extensively in all of the following items except a. horses. * b. jade. c. obsidian. d. small works of art. e. animal skins. Which Mesoamerican group practiced human sacrifice? a) Maya b) Aztec c) Olmec d) Toltec e) All of these Ans: e Maya sacrificial victims typically consisted of a) volunteers. b) drafted commoners who “lost” the lottery. c) slaves who were old or no longer valuable. d) captured nobility from other areas. e) prisoners of war. Ans: d Which of the following mathematical concepts, essential for positional notation and the manipulation of large numbers, was invented by Mayan mathematicians? a. infinity b. zero * c. long division d. exponential notation e. negative numerals The most flexible and sophisticated system of writing found in the ancient Americas was created by a. the Olmecs. b. the Maya. * c. the Teotihuacan society. d. the Chavin cult. e. the Incas. Which of the following groups was the earliest Mesoamerican civilization? a) Toltecs b) Olmec c) Maya d) Aztecs e) Oaxacans Ans: b Aztec religion was a) monotheistic. b) henotheistic. c) dualistic. d) agnostic. e) polytheistic. Ans: e The principal reason for human sacrifice among the Aztecs was a) to punish enemies. b) to enhance the power of the emperor. c) intimidation and conquest. d) The god Huitzilopochtli required a diet of human hearts. e) entertainment. Ans: d The capital of the Aztec empire was a. Tula b. Teotihuacan. c. Cuzco. d. Tenochtitlan. * e. Chichén Itźa. Llamas and alpacas were valued by the Incas for a) wool. b) food. c) transportation. d) all of the these. e) none of these; they were sacred to Incan religion. Ans: d Rulers of which group deliberated state policy in the presence of the mummies of their predecessors? a. Inca * b. Aztec c. Chimu d. Pueblo e. Maya What two nations began a maritime revolution that profoundly altered the course of world history? a) England and France b) Portugal and Spain c) Germany and Russia d) China and Japan e) Greece and Italy Ans: b Conquistador means a) conqueror. b) lawgiver. c) bringer of Christ. d) convict. e) communist. Ans: a The motives that led to Iberian overseas expansion were a) economic. b) religious. c) political. d) intellectual. e) all of these. Ans: e Columbus insisted that he had reached a) the Indian Ocean. b) the West Indies. c) the New World. d) China. e) Malacca. Ans: a The most profitable and strongest colonization by Europe was in a) Africa. b) China. c) India. d) the Americas. e) Newfoundland. Ans: d The first Amerindians to contact the Spanish were the a) Aztecs. b) Arawaks. c) Maya. d) Incas. e) Cassava. Ans: b Francisco Pizarro defeated the Inca Empire with a) 180 men. b) 1,800 men. c) 18,000 men. d) 180,000 men. e) The Inca Empire defeated Pizarro. Ans: a Death rates among Amerindian peoples during the epidemics of the early colonial period were a) very high. b) average. c) very low. d) no higher than at other times. e) nonexistent; death rates ceased during this period. Ans: a What was the most deadly of the epidemics in the Americas? a) Smallpox b) Syphilis c) Influenza d) Measles e) Cholera Ans: a What effect did European horses have on the Americas? a) b) c) Increased military capacity and hunting efficiency Decreased military capacity and hunting efficiency No impact because religious prohibitions prevented its use d) No appreciable impact because they already had the horse e) The decline in the alpaca population Ans: a By the end of the sixteenth century, what country occupied most of the Brazilian coast? a) Spain b) England c) Portugal d) France e) Austria Ans: c The most important agent for transmitting European beliefs, language, and culture in Spanish America and Brazil was the a) Council of the Indies. b) Spanish and Portuguese armies. c) Catholic Church. d) plantation system. e) Lantern Council. Ans: c An encomienda was a) a form of forced labor and tribute. b) a plantation for mining precious metals. c) a plantation for growing sugar. d) an agreement with Amerindians. e) a disease of the lower intestine. Ans: a In Brazil, the economic importance of Amerindian slaves was eventually superseded by a) Asian slaves. b) European peasants. c) African slaves. d) better technology. e) animal power. Ans: c How did the English and French American colonies differ from the Spanish and Portuguese American colonies? a) The Spanish and Portuguese forced their languages on the population. b) The English and French used direct government control to develop colonies. c) The Spanish and Portuguese ruled with “benign neglect.” d) The English and French developed colonies through the efforts of private companies. e) They did not differ at all in their policies. Ans: d Which new form of compulsory labor was first introduced by the English in North America? a) Black slave labor b) Amerindian slave labor c) Indentured servants d) The mita and encomienda e) The chinampa system Ans: c Which of the following is not one way that the Amerindian population reacted to the colonial economy? a) They provided furs and deerskins to European traders. b) Amerindian hunting and gathering and agricultural practices were disrupted. c) They became dependent on European goods. d) The natural balance of plants and animals was disrupted. e) They eventually grew wealthy from this contact. Ans: e Plantation economies grew all of the following labor intensive crops except a) tobacco. b) cotton. c) rice. d) sugar. e) squash. Ans: e The French settlements in America resembled Spanish and Portuguese colonies in that they wanted to a) draft Amerindians for military service. b) extract resources and convert the population to Christianity. c) free the Amerindians from oppression by the Aztec kings. d) protect the environment while preserving Amerindian culture. e) do none of these; the French actually resembled the English more than they did the Spanish or Portuguese. Ans: b The Enlightenment was the intellectual movement in which a) the methods and questions of the Scientific Revolution were applied to human society. b) the methods and questions of the Confucian examination system were applied to society. c) the methods and ideology of the Protestant Reformation were applied to society. d) the ideas of the Renaissance were applied to society. e) the ideas of the absolutist rulers were applied to society. Ans: a The Enlightenment was the intellectual movement in which a) the methods and questions of the Scientific Revolution were applied to human society. b) the methods and questions of the Confucian examination system were applied to society. c) the methods and ideology of the Protestant Reformation were applied to society. d) the ideas of the Renaissance were applied to society. e) the ideas of the absolutist rulers were applied to society. Ans: a Aside from the brutal conditions on Saint Domingue, the island erupted in revolt because a) of the intervention of the English navy. b) of the turmoil in revolutionary France. c) all trade and exports were cut off. d) the planter elites started their own government. e) of the mystical visions of its leader. Ans: b Who was François Dominique Toussaint L’Ouverture? a) The leader of a slave revolt in Saint Domingue b) The Caribbean delegate to the French Revolutionary Council c) The great impressionist painter of the French Revolution d) The son of Robespierre and the Empress Josephine e) The French general who crushed the slave revolt in Saint Domingue Ans: a Simón Bolívar created Gran Colombia, which unified a) the peoples of all Spanish-speaking America. b) the Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking territories. c) Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador into one nation. d) Central and South America into one coalition. e) Haiti, Antigua, and Brazil into one nation. Ans: c The Mexican revolutionaries José María Morelos and Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla were a) lawyers. b) priests. c) military officers. d) labor union organizers. e) physicians. Ans: b The two areas in Latin America that retained monarchy (initially) were a) Mexico and Bolivia. b) Peru and Chile. c) Uruguay and Paraguay. d) Mexico and Brazil. e) Brazil and Argentina. Ans: d With the end of colonialism in the Americas, Amerindians a) were no longer exploited. b) lost the protection of the colonial powers. c) could once again settle on their own lands. d) could control their own destinies. e) were deported from the continent. Ans: b Caribbean settlers were not enthusiastic about independence from European imperial governments because they a) worried that disaster relief would not be provided. b) feared slave revolts. c) feared that trade would diminish. d) felt vulnerable to economic takeover by the United States. e) feared the rise of Caribbean tourism. Ans: b France's support for slavery decreased after a) the Haitian Revolution. b) the writing of the Declaration of the Rights of Man. c) Napoleon conscripted slaves to fight his wars against Britain, promising freedom in exchange for military service. d) sale of the Louisiana Territory reduced its need for plantation labor. e) the French economy focused more on wine production and handicrafts than industrialized manufacture. Ans: a The term mestizo refers to a. the coins that were used in the Aztec empire. b. an individual of indigenous and European parentage. * c. the Spanish plantations on which millions of Central and South Americans were enslaved. d. the Aztec term for the mysterious disease that devastated their population. e. the percentage of silver that went to the Spanish government. The most important factor in explaining the Spanish victory over the Aztecs and Incas was a. the overwhelming Spanish superiority in guns and cannons. b. the devastating loss of life caused by European-borne diseases. * c. the Spanish strength in numbers. d. the military precision of the well-trained Spanish troops. e. the Spanish alliance with the Maya. Hernán Cortés was responsible for the conquest of the a. Tainos. b. Chimu. c. Inca. d. Aztecs. * e. Moche. The last emperor of the Aztec empire was a. Atahualpa. b. Motecuzoma II. * c. Itzcoatl. d. Topa. e. Motecuzoma I. The conquistador who conquered the Inca was a. Balboa. b. Cortes. c. Cabral. d. Magellan. e. Pizarro. * For the Spanish, the greatest attraction of the Americas was a. precious metals. * b. tobacco. c. a new class of trading partners to buy Spanish manufactured goods. d. sugar. e. slaves.