Transcript The Age of Napoleon

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Is this what the French Revolution was all about???
Bell Ringer!
Agenda: Notes!
Objective: Through notes and
discussion students will understand
the impact of Napoleon on France
and Europe.
 Born
in 1769 on the island of Corsica – Napoleon
was educated in French military schools.
 Napoleon was a radical Jacobin – meaning that he
believed in the radical ideals of the French
Revolution.
 The revolutionary government used Napoleon and
his military expertise to battle the Austrians (and
other Europeans) who were attacking France in
order to end the Revolution.
 In
1799, the Directory fell apart and Napoleon
used his troops to restore order and take control.
 Napoleon used terms from the old Roman Republic
and named the new French government THE
CONSULATE with himself as First Consul.
 Napoleon continued to attack the nations of
Europe – first saying France needed to defend the
revolution – then justifying the attacks by stating
that France needed to spread the ideals of the
revolution throughout Europe.
 In
1804, a PLEBISCITE was held and the voters of
France voted to create an empire with Napoleon
Bonaparte as NAPOLEON I – EMPEROR.
 (What happened to democracy? Liberty? Equality?
Fraternity?)
 From a period of universal manhood suffrage – bit
by bit voting rights had been reduced until voting
was controlled by the wealthy BOURGEOISIE (the
former wealthy 3rd Estate). The wealthy
bourgeoisie wanted the stability Napoleon as
emperor would bring.
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Josephine
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Marie Louise
Napoleon II
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Napoleonic Code – recodified the laws of France with the
right to property as one of the strongest elements of the
law.
Bank of France
Public school system to spread the revolution’s ideals
Meritocracy – positions in government and the military
given on the basis of merit rather than birth or wealth.
THE CONCORDAT with the pope – Napoleon brought religion
back to France. The pope recognized Napoleon as ruler in
exchange for the return of the Catholic Church – BUT –
religious toleration remained.
•Catholicism was declared the religion
of the majority of Frenchmen.
•Papal acceptance of church lands lost
during the Revolution.
•Bishops subservient to the regime.
•Eventually, Pope Pius VII renounced
the Concordat, and Napoleon had him
brought to France and placed under
house arrest.
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Napoleon first began fighting to save the revolution – then
to spread the revolution – then to control all of Europe.
1805 Great Britain, Austria, Russia and Sweden formed a
new coalition of nations to defeat Napoleon.
Great Britain was Napoleon’s greatest enemy – this was a
battle to see which nation would control the world.
 Napoleon
knew that in order to defeat Great Britain
– he would have to defeat the British navy and then
invade the island.
 All was lost when British Lord Horatio Nelson
defeated the French fleet off the coast of Spain at
Trafalgar in 1805.
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The French knew that without invading Britain – the only
way to defeat the British was to destroy their economy.
As an island nation – Britain was dependent on sea trade
for survival.
Napoleon forced the nations of Europe to stop all trade with
Britain – THE CONTINENTAL SYSTEM.
The French and British navies blockaded each others port
in attempts to strangle trade.
December 1805 – Napoleon defeated the Russians and
Austrians at the Battle of Austerlitz.
Napoleon and France seemed unstoppable.
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French Empire directly included: France, Belgium, the
Netherlands, portions of Italy.
He dismantled the Holy Roman Empire and reorganized the
western German states as the CONFEDERATION OF THE
RHINE.
By 1812 – all of Europe was controlled by Napoleon except
for: Russia, Great Britain, Sweden, and Portugal.
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brother Joseph (1768–1844) king first of Naples (1806–
1808) and then of Spain (1808–1813),
brother Louis (1778–1846) king of Holland (1806–1810)
brother Jérôme Bonaparte (1784–1860) king of Westphalia
son Napoleon François Charles Joseph (Napoleon II)
(1811–1832) king of Rome (1811–1814)
Nephew Charles Louis Napoléon (1808–1873), son of
Louis Napoléon, was president of France in 1848–1852
and emperor in 1852–1870, reigning as Napoléon III
 Nationalism
– a person's sense of allegiance to his
nation/ethnicity – as opposed to allegiance to a
religion or a multi-ethnic empire.
 As Napoleon controlled new areas of Europe – he
destroyed their old governments and feudal ways.
 The Napoleonic Code became the law of all
conquered territories.
 IN FACT – Napoleon spread the ideals of the
French Revolution(which would be his doom!)
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Bell Ringer: What was the Continental system? What
reforms came out of the Napoleonic code?
Agenda: finish notes and review!
Objective: Through discussion and practice quiz, students
will prepare for tomorrow’s Test on the FR.
 1812
– Napoleon attacked the sleeping giant –
RUSSIA under Tsar Alexander I
 Over 500,000 soldiers marched with Napoleon
toward Moscow.
 BUT – the Russian winter started and Napoleon
was far from home
 BUT – the Russians instituted a “scorched earth”
policy – burning Moscow
 BUT – the cold and starvation meant that only
100,000 returned to Paris.
 By
April of 1814, Napoleon had been defeated by
his enemies.
 He abdicated and went into exile on the island of
Elba off the coast of Italy.
 The French government minister CHARLESMAURICE de TALLYRAND – helped to reorganize the
French government under the rule of LOUIS XVIII –
the younger brother of the executed Louis XVI.
 The victors over Napoleon met in Vienna to
organize a post-Napoleon/post-French Revolution
Europe.
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Louis XVIII
 The players:
o Russia – Alexander I
o Prussia – Frederick William III
o Britain – Lord Castlereagh for George III
o Austria – Prince Clemens von Metternich
o France – Talleyrand for Louis XVIII
 They
were united by the desire to turn back the
clock to 1789 – REACTIONARY
 The British had already achieved the TREATY OF
CHAUMONT March 1814 – which restored the
Bourbon monarchy (Louis XVIII) and pulled France
back to its 1792 borders.
 Quadruple
Alliance – Britain, Russia, Prussia, and
Austria – agreement to keep the peace of Europe
for twenty years.
 Land changes:
o Kingdom of the Netherlands
o Prussia given lands along the Rhine to deter any
possible French aggression – a cause of World War I
o Austria given control of northern Italy (remember this
during the unification of Italy – a cause of World War I)
March 1, 1815 Napoleon returned and raised a
huge army. Louis XVIII fled and Napoleon took
Paris. He promised a liberal constitution and
peace with his neighbors.
 The Allies declare Napoleon an outlaw.
 18 June 1815 – the British under the Duke of
Wellington and the Prussians – defeat Napoleon in
Belgium at the Battle of Waterloo. He is sent back
into exile on St. Helena off the coast of Africa. He
dies in exile in 1821.
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Napoleon illustrated the supremacy of the bourgeoisie
Nationalism and Liberalism were spread throughout Europe
Established monarchs were shown to be vulnerable
These changes – added to the developing Industrial
Revolution – would bring Europe into the modern age.
Commissioned by Napoleon
after the battle of Austerlitz,
Completed by King LouisPhilippe
Paris
Les Invalids
1940
Les Invalides
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The Hundred Days terrified the Allies – they move even
more reactionary
France is forced to submit to an army of occupation and to
pay a war indemnity
Alexander I establishes the HOLY ALLIANCE between
Russia, Prussia, and Austria – reactionary movement by
Christian monarchs to maintain peace
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The Holy Roman Empire was dissolved after 1000 years.
The Habsburgs began to look east and concentrated on
controlling eastern Europe instead of the Germans – CAUSE
OF WORLD WAR I!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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The German state of Prussia grew in size and strength – as
it fought Napoleon.
The territorial gains after the Congress of Vienna left
Prussia as the largest ethnically German kingdom.
Prussia began a fifty year conquest of the German people
that would end in 1871 with the creation of the German
Empire – this too led to WORLD WAR I.