Transcript Napoleon Forges an Empire Edmund Burke`s Prediction

Napoleon Forges an Empire
Edmund Burke’s Prediction:
True or False?
Edmund Burke (1729-1797) was a
British parliamentarian and
political philosopher sometimes
referred to as the ‘father of
Louis XVI
Revolution
conservatism’. Written straight
after the French Revolution began
Burke’s Reflections on the
Revolution in France (1790) was
strongly antirevolutionary, arguing
that revolution would destroy also
all that was good in society, create
Napoleon I
disorder, and lead ultimately to the
comming to power of a tyrant seen
as capable of restoring order.
Do Now
• Take out your French Rev Movie Questions
• Pick up guided notes for the section on
Napoleon
• DO NOT LOSE THEM – you will need them for
the entire chapter.
The Age of Napoleon
• From 1799 – 1815
Napoleon Bonaparte
would dominate France
and Europe.
• Looked at as a hero to
some and an evil force
to others
• Would become the final
phase of the French
Revolution
Coup D’Etat
• The government was
unsettled in 1799.
• Napoleon took
advantage of this and
suddenly seized power or
coup d’état.
• The term is French for "a
(sudden) blow (or strike)
to a state.
Napoleon Takes Power as First Council
1799
•
Napoleon and his brother, Lucien, overturned the
government and set up a Roman-style Consulate
•
Two of the consuls had to be elected, as in Roman
times, but Napoleon was First Consul for life
•
Similar to how Julius Caesar ruled
• After some royalists attempted to assassinate
him, Napoleon declared himself Emperor.
•
(almost exactly how Julius Caesar operated)
• Napoleon - History Channel
Do Now
Napoleon Crossing
the St. Bernard Pass.
French painting,
1801
Read the
background
information and
complete the two
questions.
Napoleon’s Changes
• Tax collection was
made more fair and
orderly so France
could rely on a
steady supply of
money.
• Dishonest
government workers
were removed.
•Free & fair
constitution with
ministers appointed
by Napoleon
• He started
lycées - a new
public school for
ordinary citizens.
• He gave the
church back some
of its power
• signed a
concordat (or
agreement) with
the pope to gain
support of the
organized church.
• He wrote a new set
of laws called the
Napoleonic Code
which guaranteed
rights for all (except
women, they were
kept strictly under
male control.)
• strict censorship of
the press and
extensive secret
police work
• Free speech was
limited and slavery
was restored in the
French colonies.
Napoleonic Code
• The Napoleonic Code, or
Code Civil, entered into force
on March 21, 1804.
• The code forbade privileges
based on birth
• allowed freedom of religion
• specified that government
jobs go to the most qualified
The Louisiana Purchase
• Napoleon hoped to expand his empire
in Europe and the New World.
• 1803 = major setback
• army was sent to re-conquer Haiti and
establish a base was destroyed by
yellow fever &fierce resistance.
• French possessions in North America
were now indefensible
• Facing war with Britain, he sold them
to the United States
• The Louisiana Purchase (1803)
– Sold to U.S. for $15 million
– less than three cents per acre.
– $234 million in 2014 dollars, less than 42
cents per acre
Napoleon’s Wars: The Truce Doesn’t Last
• 1803-1805
• Napoleon defeats the Austrians at Ulm (1805)
• Then defeated Austrians & Russians, at
Austerlitz (1805), his greatest victory.
– Ends Third Coalition  Austria, Portugal, Russia
– Defeats Holy Roman Empire
– Est. confederation of the Rhine
The Battle of Trafalgar in 1805
• Humiliating defeat for France
• The defeat prevented any possibility of an
invasion of England for Napoleon
• Horatio Nelson – British War Hero
• Sunk both the French and Spanish fleets
Mistake #1
In 1806
Napoleon
attempted to
blockade British
ports to hurt
their economy.
This Continental
System was to
make the
continent more
self sufficient.
The British Navy
put their own
blockade around
Europe which
weakened
Europe’s
economy.
The Collapse
of Napoleon’s
Empire
Mistake #2
Napoleon made
his brother King of
Spain in 1808.
The Spanish
people were loyal
to their own king.
The peasant
fighters called
guerrillas fought
against Napoleon
in a war called
The Peninsular
War.
Mistake #3
In 1812 Napoleon
attempted to
conquer
Russia.The
Russians
retreated and
followed a
scorched-earth
policy leaving no
livestock or grain
for the French
Army. The onset
of Winter, attacks
and deserters left
only 10,000 of
the original
400,000 troops.
Napoleon is Exiled
• 1813: Battle of Leipsig
• Russia, Austria, Prussia attempt to stop
what is left of the Grand Army
• Napoleon retreats to France
– SURRENDER
• He is exiled  sent to the island of Elba,
just off the Italian coast.
• Louis XVIII takes the throne
“The Hundred Days”
• ESCAPED  Ten months after his exile
• Destination  city of Paris.
– He gained support along his route to Paris.
• Marched into Paris with a thousand of his old soldiers
and new supporters.
• He took over the city and was back in power for a
short period of time that is now known as "The
Hundred Days".
• Napoleon's return led him to a final campaign in
Belgium.
• The allies acted fast. The British and the Prussians
defeat Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo, 1815.
Napoleon’s Lost War
• After defeat at Waterloo, Napoleon tried to throw
himself on the mercy of the British
• London wasn’t interested
• sent to St. Helena hundreds of miles off the coast of Africa
• Spent time dictating a highly inaccurate version of his
life story & hiding from the guards to make them
think he’d escaped again
• Controversy over Napoleon’s death
• The French like to think the British poisoned him, possibly
with arsenic in the wallpaper – (but why didn’t it kill
anyone else?)
• More likely, and less dramatic, Napoleon died of
cancer
EXIT TICKET
• Make a T-Chart and list the changes that
Napoleon made, both positive and negative.
Downfall of Napoleon
Do Now Thursday
• Was Napoleon Murdered – video
Do Now
• Have your homework out
• Take a Social Studies Course Selection Sheet
• Look over the electives and circle the courses
that you are interested in for next year
• Have guided notes out:
• Finish Notes
• Painting Analysis
The Bourbons Are Back
• The great powers of Europe had to decide who
was going to rule France.
• Couldn’t be Napoleon or anyone in his family
• Couldn’t be a republic – no more guillotine.
• This leaves the Bourbons.
• In 1814, Louis XVI’s brother, the Duke of
Provence, came home from his comfortable exile
in England and took the throne as Louis XVIII.
• After all that trouble, France was a monarchy
again.
Congress of Vienna
• The Congress of Vienna met for the purpose of restoring
order to Europe.
• Met for 10 months – September 1814 to June 1815
• Hosted by Austrian Emperor Francis I
• The work fell to Prince Clemens von Metternich of Austria,
Tsar Alexander I of Russia, and Lord Robert Castlereagh of
Britain.
Congress Strives for Peace
• Main goal was to create a lasting peace by establishing a
balance of power & protecting the system of monarchy.
• Metternich – restore order to 1792
• Alexander I – “holy alliance” of Christian monarchs to
suppress future revolutions
• Lord Castlereagh – prevent revival of French military power
• The peacemakers redrew the map of Europe
• Legitimacy – restoring hereditary monarchies that the French
Revolution or Napoleon had unseated.
• They put Louis XVIII on the French throne before the Congress
even met
• Restored legitimate monarchs in Portugal, Spain and the
Italian states.
Congress Fails to See Traps Ahead
• Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain extend their
alliance into the postwar era.
• Pledge to act together to preserve the balance of power
and suppress revolutionary uprisings.
• Known as the Concert of Europe – powers met periodically
to discuss any problems affecting the peace of Europe.
• Their decisions influenced European politics for the next
100 years
• Would not see another war on a Napoleonic scale until
1914
• Failed to see how nationalism would shake the foundations
of Europe
Klemens von Metternich’s
3 goals
Metternich's three goals for the congress:
1
Make sure the French would not attack another
country again
2
He wanted a balance of power so no one country
would be a threat to another.
3
He wanted to return legitimacy back to the kings
Napoleon had driven out.
Czar Alexander of Russia, Emperor Francis I of
Austria and King Frederick William III of Prussia
formed the HOLY ALLIANCE
The Concert of Europe was the broad
cooperation between Europe's great powers
after 1815. Its purpose was to maintain the
peace settlement concluded at the Congress
of Vienna following the defeat of Napoleonic
France. The Concert of Europe was also
known as the Congress System, and the
person at the forefront of the Concert of
Europe was Klemens Wenzel von Metternich
of Austria. Specifically, the aim of the
Concert of Europe was for the leading
nations in Europe - Britain, Austria, Prussia
and Russia - to work together to prevent the
outbreak of revolution in each nation.
Europe's
great powers
after 1815
The Effects of The French Revolution
These were felt in several ways in countries outside
France. Due to the people's revolt against the monarchy,
the Russians succeeded in overthrowing the Czar and
transferring from an Absolute Monarchy to
Communism. England also benefited from this. The
people rebelled against the monarchy and caused the
English monarchs to lose all power and control over the
people. "The French Revolution was a step towards
replacing traditional aristocratic forms of government
with more open, elective systems.
Along with the American Revolution, it inspired reformers
throughout the western world."
Napoleon’s Wars
• 1806-1807: Napoleon destroys the Prussians and Russians
– he now controls much of the continent
• 1806: closes every port in Europe to British ships
• 1807: Britain blocks any port joining the Continental
System, so no one can trade with anyone
• 1808: Spanish stage massive anti-French rising. Peninsula
Wars last for 6 years. British help the Spanish. Drain the
French of men and morale.
• 1812: Napoleon invades Russia and captures Moscow.
Russians promptly burn the city down, so Napoleon’s
men have to retreat. Most of them die on the way –
Napoleon flees to France.