Transcript age of exploration - Weatherford High School

Warm Up 1
 Pretend that you are an explorer in the 1700’s.
Pretend that you know nothing of the technology
currently available to you (no cell phones, GPS,
computers or internet). Pretend that you are
asked to draw of map of the places you
personally visit. Talk to your partner about how
you will go about the task of map making. Sketch
a brief drawing of a map of some place you have
personally visited or you can do this for the town
of Weatherford.
This is what explorer’s maps looked
like as they traveled.
Samples of atlas images of
historical exploration and
voyages
P.S. Atlas is a figure from Greek mythology. He
is the son of the Titan Iapetus and Clymene (or
Asia), and brother of Prometheus. Atlas was
punished by Zeus and made to bear the weight
of the heavens
Warm Up 2
With your partner, discuss the following topic:
What do you already know about the slave trade out
of Africa to North America?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TtRaG_bokds
AGE OF
EXPLORATION
Connecting Hemispheres
CAUSES OF EUROPEAN
EXPANSION FROM 1450 TO 1750
• Renaissance ideas
• Desire for trade routes, spices, and profits or a
greater wealth.
• Desire to spread Christianity
• New technologies in ships and sailing.
• Increase country’s power
• Absolute monarchs use their wealth and
power to support the Age of Exploration.
God, Gold and Glory Concept
Technological Advances
Rudder
Caravel – Used by
the Portuguese
Triangle Sails
Compass
Sextant
Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss with your partner
the following question.
Now that the Europeans have better exploring
equipment, what is the result?
Improved ships and new navigational instruments
made for longer journeys.
Now that we can travel farther and faster we can
trade more effectively with new groups of people.
Mercantilism an economic system developing
during the decay of feudalism to unify and
increase the power and especially the
monetary wealth of a nation by a strict
governmental regulation of the entire national
economy usually through policies designed to
secure an accumulation of bullion, a favorable
balance of trade, the development of
agriculture and manufactures, and the
establishment of foreign trading monopolies
Growth of Mercantilism
Nations increase power in 2 ways
1)
get as much gold & silver as
you can
2) sell more goods that you buy
Goal is to become self-sufficient
Causes Changes in European
Society
Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss with
your partner the following questions.
How does the growth of mercantilism cause
changes in European society? What changes
and how does it change?
Ottoman Empire and
the Turks
(1453–1922)
Rise of the Ottoman Empire
•Capture of Constantinople and renaming to
Istanbul
• Capture of Mecca, Medina, and Cairo
List the areas the Ottoman Empire controlled on trade routes.
 Cultural and political achievements under
Suleiman I
 Empire in place until end of World War I
He is known in the West as
Suleiman the Magnificent and in
the East, as "The Lawgiver."
Instituted legislative changes
relating to society, education,
taxation, and criminal law. He was
a distinguished poet and goldsmith.
He was a patron of culture and
cared about artistic, literary and
architectural development in the
Ottoman Empire. He spoke five
languages: Ottoman Turkish,
Arabic, Chagatai, Persian and
Serbian.
IMPACT OF OTTOMAN EMPIRE ON EASTERN
EUROPE AND GLOBAL TRADE
Eastern Europe:
• Constantinople conquered in 1453 and renamed Istanbul
• Suleiman’s advances into Hungary and Austria in 1525 but
expansion stopped with the Siege of Vienna in 1529
• Caravanseri (roadside inns for rest) network:
assured safety for traveling merchants and
envoys
Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss with your
partner the following question:
What would make having these caravanseri very
important to merchants?
Naval trade in spices, wheat, and lumber
throughout the Mediterranean, Aegean, Black
and Red Seas and the Persian Gulf
The Ottoman Empire controlled trade routes
for hundreds of year in:
Middle East
Indian Ocean
Western Russia and Republics area
China and the
Ming Dynasty
(1368-1644)
Zheng He
Admiral Zheng He had massive ships created in order
to conduct trading expeditions. They visited southeast
Asia, India, Arabia, and East Africa They brought
back gold and animals just as zebras and camels.
Overall, these expeditions brought wealth and
knowledge of other civilizations to China.
Influence of the Ming dynasty on
world trade
• Goals – Impress world with the power and
splendor of Ming China and expand China’s
tribute system
• Envoys from different countries travel to China
with tribute
However, the Ming leaders feared foreign
cultures would corrupt Chinese culture so they
moved into a time of isolation. The fleet of
ships was too expense to maintain and since
there were no longer in use the Chinese
burned some ships and let others just rot away.
Zheng He
and
Columbus:
Flag Ships
Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss with
your partner the following questions.
 What would the long-term global effects of the
Chinese choosing not to explore anymore?
DIFFUSION OF MAJOR IDEAS IN MATHEMATICS,
SCIENCE, AND TECHNOLOGY
The Ming Dynasty adopted the following items
and ideas as they traveled:
• Spurred by contact with Europe, i.e., telescope
• Trigonometry
• Hydraulic powered devices for irrigation and
agriculture
• Snorkeling gear for pearl divers
• Astronomy from India
Europeans Trade in the East
Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss with
your partner the following question.
 Give examples of physical geographic factors
on trade in the Indian Ocean.
Portugal Leads the Way
 Prince Henry the Navigator was
interested in trading in Africa and
began to do so around her western
coastline.
 Navigation school
Bartolomeu Dias
 In 1488, ventures down
Africa to reach the tip – men
are too tired to continue
though. However, his
journey let other explores
know Africa could be
rounded to reach Asia.
Cape of Good Hope
Vasco da Gama
 First to reach Calicut on the
southern coast of India.
Amazed by the spices, rare
silks, and precious gems
that they had to offer. They
filled their sips and returned
in 1499 to Portugal where he
received a hero’s welcome.
Dutch and the East Indies
The Dutch Empire. Dark green areas were controlled by the Dutch West Indies
Company; light green areas were controlled by the Dutch East India Company.
 Hendrik Brouwer was a Dutch explorer,
admiral and colonial administrator both
in Japan and the Dutch East Indies. He
was the first to have sailed to the East
Indies for the Dutch East India
Company in 1606.
 Abel Tasman – was a Dutch
seafarer, explorer and merchant,
best known for his voyages of
1642 and 1644 in the services of
the United East India Company.
He was the first known European
explorer to reach the island of
Tasmania, New Zealand and to
sight the Fiji islands.
Later named
Tasmania after
Abel Tasman
East Indies
Sometimes called the
“Dutch East Indies”
French in Indochina
After competing with the
Dutch, Portuguese, and
British over the area the
French gain a stronghold in
Indochina in 1885.
French Explorers to the region:
Henri Mouhot
Auguste Jean-Marie Pavie
Indochina:
controlled by the
French at the time
called French
Indochina
Called the
Indochinese
Peninsula today.
Spices the
Europeans were
interested in:
 Nutmeg
 Mace
 Cinnamon
 Pepper
 Cloves
All of these European
countries wanted goods from
Asia and they were all in
completion for each other.
http://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=NHGT5ivAk4c
Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss with
your partner the following questions.
 List some of the major imports and exports of
today.
 List a few pros and cons for a government to
require taxes on imported items.
EUROPEANS COMPETING FOR
NORTH AMERICA
http://www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/books/applications/imaps/maps/g5s_u2/index.ht
ml Click on link, click on each name to see their individual movement.
Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss with
your partner the following questions.
Give a brief definition of these three words. Do
they have anything in common? How are they
different?
 Colonization
 Imperialism
 Exploration
Comparing and Contrasting Words
 Exploration- the action of traveling in or
through an unfamiliar area in order to learn
about it.
 Imperialism- a policy of extending a country’s
power and influence through diplomacy or
military force.
 Colonization- sending settlers to (a place)
and to establish political control over it.
Spanish Exploration
Christopher Columbus (Italian: Cristoforo Colombo; Spanish: Cristóbal
Colón) – Italian explorer. (1492) He goes to Portugal to gain resources
for a voyage west however, they had already funded expeditions to
India with the help of Vasco de Gama. So Columbus tried the Spanish.
Under Ferdinand and Isabella, the Catholic monarchs, he
completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean that led to general
European awareness of the American continents. Those voyages, and
his efforts to establish permanent settlements on the island
of Hispaniola, initiated the Spanish colonization of the New World.
Name his ships.
Toscanelli's notions of the
geography of the Atlantic
Ocean, which directly
influenced Columbus's
plans.
Good time to mention: It doesn’t matter
what country you are from. If you explore
with someone else’s money. What you
discover will be claimed for the country
you explored for. Example, Columbus is
Italian but since the Spanish funded him
then it is the Spanish’s claim.
Actual Voyages
When Columbus returns with news
from his voyage the King and Queen
quickly begin work on the Treaty of
Tordesillas to protect their claims and
interests in the New World.
Treaty of Tordesillas 2 July 1494…to divide trading
and colonizing rights for all newly discovered lands of
the world between Portugal and Spain to the
exclusion of other European nations.
So, how do you think other countries are going to
handle this treaty?
 Ferdinand Magellan - was a Portuguese explorer. He was born in a
still disputed location in northern Portugal, and served King Charles I
of Spain in search of a westward route to the "Spice Islands.”
Magellan's expedition of 1519–1522 became the first expedition to
sail from the Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific Ocean (then named
"peaceful sea" by Magellan; the passage being made via the Strait of
Magellan), and the first to cross the Pacific. His expedition completed
the first circumnavigation of the Earth.
 Hernando de Soto (1539) -was
a Spanish explorer and conquistador who, while
leading the first European expedition deep into the
territory of the modern-day United States, was the
first European documented to have crossed
the Mississippi River.
 Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo (1542) -was
a Portuguese explorer noted for his
exploration of the west coast of North America
on behalf of Spain. Cabrillo was the first
European explorer to navigate the coast of
present day California in the United States.
Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss with your
partner the following question.
How do the explorations funded by the Ming
Dynasty and commanded by Zheng He
compare with those of the Spanish explorers?
Conquistadors (conquerors)
 Hernán Cortés (1504)- was a Spanish Conquistador who led an
expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought
large portions of mainland Mexico. Cortés was part of the
generation of Spanish colonizers that began the first phase of
the Spanish colonization of the Americas.
Montezuma II, Aztec
ruler is killed.

Francisco Pizarro (1509) -was a
Spanish conquistador who conquered
the Inca Empire.
Atahualpa, Inca ruler force
to covert to Christianity and
be baptized as a Catholic.
Was strangled to death.
 Francisco Vásquez de Coronado y Luján - was
a Spanish conquistador, who visited New Mexico and other parts of
what are now the southwestern United States between 1540 and 1542.
Coronado had hoped to conquer the mythical Seven Cities of Gold.
Theodor de Bry - etching of Native Americans giving the conquistador the gold he so desires - they are pouring molten gold down his throat.
Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss with
your partner the following question.
 Explain the difference between an explorer and
a conquistador.
Dutch Exploration
 Henry Hudson (1609) - was an English sea explorer and navigator.
1.
2.
Hudson made two attempts on behalf of English merchants to find a
prospective Northwest Passage to Cathay (today's China) via a route
above the Arctic Circle.
Hudson explored the region around modern New York metropolitan
area while looking for a western route to Asia under the auspices of
the Dutch East India Company. He explored the river which
eventually was named for him, and laid thereby the foundation
for Dutch colonization of the region.
French Exploration
 Jacques Cartier (1534-1535)- was
a French explorer who claimed what is now Canada
for France.
Quebec
Montreal
 Samuel de Champlain - "The Father of New France", was a
French navigator, cartographer, draughtsman, soldier, explorer,
geographer, ethnologist, diplomat, and chronicler. He founded New
France and Quebec City on July 3, 1608. He is important to
Canadian history because he made the first accurate map of the
coast and he helped establish the settlements.
 Robert de La Salle (1682)– also called René-
Robert Cavelier - was a French explorer. He
explored the Great Lakes region of the United
States and Canada, the Mississippi River, and
the Gulf of Mexico. La Salle claimed the entire
Mississippi River basin for France.
English Exploration
 John Cabot - was
an Italian navigator and explorer,
called Giovanni Caboto whose
1497 discovery of parts of North
America under the commission
of Henry VII of England is
commonly held to have been the
first European encounter with the
mainland of North America since
the Norse Vikings visits
to Vinland in the eleventh century.
The official position of the Canadian
and United Kingdom governments
is that he landed on the island
of Newfoundland.
 Sir Francis Drake, was an English sea
captain, privateer, navigator, slaver,
and politician of the Elizabethan era. Elizabeth I of
England awarded Drake a knighthood in 1581. He
was second-in-command of the English fleet
against the Spanish Armada in 1588. He also
carried out the second circumnavigation of the
world, from 1577 to 1580.
 Sir Walter Raleigh (1609)- was an English aristocrat,
writer, poet, soldier, courtier, spy, and explorer. He is
also well known for popularizing tobacco in England.
Instrumental in the English colonization of North
America, Raleigh was granted a royal patent to
explore Virginia, which paved the way for future
English settlements. First settlement in Virginia will
become Jamestown.
British Settlers Arrive
 Some 100 people, many of them seeking religious
freedom in the New World, set sail from England on
the Mayflower in September 1620. That November,
the ship landed on the shores of Cape Cod, in
present-day Massachusetts. A scouting party was
sent out, and in late December the group landed at
Plymouth Harbor, where they would
form the first permanent settlement of
Europeans in
New England.
Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss with
your partner the following question.
 What reasons were there that motivated
Europeans to explore and colonize the Western
Hemisphere in the 16th century?
Fight For North America
 English get rid of the Dutch
 England Battles France
French and Indian War (Seven Years War)
 Result: Britain controls nearly the entire eastern ½ of North America

Native American Reaction
 Relationships
Dutch & French –peaceful
 English – conflict (land & religious)
 Natives fall to disease
 Ones that are left are displaced (moved to other lands.)

THE ATLANTIC
SLAVE TRADE
Where they went for the
labor…
Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss
with your partner the following questions.
 What was the cause of the Atlantic Slave trade?
 Why did Europeans see African as better source
of labor than the Native Americans?
Evolution of Slavery
 Slavery in Africa – Slavery in Africa existed when the Muslim
Empire ruled. Non-Muslims were sold as slaves.
 Because the Native American were dying of diseases carried by
the Europeans the Europeans had to find workers for their new
crops somewhere else so African became the disable target.
 African from ruling tribes and merchants played a willing role in the
slave trade - they saw little difference between selling to a Muslim
or a Westerner. Most Europeans waited in sea ports where
Africans from the interior tribes were brought to them. They were
usually exchanged for guns, gold, and other goods.
 Many Africans cried out to their people to stop the trade, but it was
too profitable. Any rulers that refused to cooperate were bypassed
and new routes were developed.
Over time the African map will
look like this:
The Middle
Passage - was the
stage of the triangular trade in
which millions of people
from Africa were shipped to
the New World.
Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss with
your partner the following question.
 What would some of the challenges be for
those traveling on the Middle Passage?
Slavery in the Americas
Harsh Life
Resistance and Rebellion
Ad
for a
Sale
Devices
used to
restrict
Slaves
Political
Cartoon
By the time the slave trade was
ended they had imported 3.6
millions Africans
Results of the Atlantic Slave Trade
 A depopulation of certain African areas due to
the slave trade
 A growth of plantation agriculture, especially in
the southern colonies
 A diffusion of ideas among Caribbean, African
and Latin American cultures
IMPACT OF ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE
ON WEST AFRICA AND THE AMERICAS
Africa (particularly West Africa)
• Political – Trade in slaves promoted warfare between African states; European
weapons (guns) become an important component of political power; Europeans
control very little territory in Africa
• Economic – Atlantic slave trade increased demand for African slaves by
Europeans; volume of trade increased; trade patterns shifted to west coast;
demand for European manufactured goods (guns)
• Cultural – Introduction of Christianity to west Africa; African artists created
products for European markets
• Technological – Gunpowder guns
The Americas
• Increase in the African populations, both directly from Africa and those who were
subsequently born in the Americas and Caribbean
• The dispersal of Africans throughout the New World is directly related to slavery,
as they were forced to go wherever labor was demanded.
• British colonies, in what is now the southern United States, depend on slave labor
for production of cash crops
• Knowledge of agriculture including rice that spread into the Southern colonies
• Aspects of African food, music and art leave a lasting influence on American
cultures
Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss with
your partner the following question.
 Explain the impact of the Atlantic slave
trade on West Africa and the Americas.
COLUMBIAN
EXCHANGE
Global trade network during early modern
era.
Global Exchange of new foods, livestock,
and diseases between the Old and New
Worlds.
IMPACT OF COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
ON THE AMERICAS AND EUROPE
Impact on the Americas:
• New livestock including horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs. Horses led to the
defeat of many Native Americans
• Foods from Africa including bananas, black-eyed peas, and yams
• Grains such as rice, barley, wheat, and oats
• Diseases such as smallpox, measles, and influenza that led to the deaths of
millions of Native Americans
• Slaves from Africa
Impact on Europe:
• New foods and plants including corn, tomatoes, chocolate, tobacco, quinine,
and potatoes
Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss with
your partner the following question.
 Complete a Venn Diagram explaining the impact
of the Columbian Exchange on the Americas and
Europe.
Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss
with your partner the following question.
 How has America today been affect as a result
of the Atlantic Slave Trade?
COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION
Commercial Revolution – New business and trade
practices brought about in Europe during the 16th and
17th centuries because of new wealth brought from
colonies in the Americas.
Factors of the commercial revolution.
• Rise of capitalism – Private ownership and
investment of wealth for profit lead to the growth
of the merchant class and an increase of the
money supply.
 Joint-stock companies (Jamestown, Virginia) –
Investors pooled their money together to
establish American colonies and usually faced
minimal monetary losses because of the large
number involved in the investment.
Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss with
your partner the following questions.
 What would be the opposite of Capitalism?
 Compare similarities of the joint-stock
company to today?
• Mercantilism – Colonies provided gold and
silver (bullionism) as well as a favorable
balance of trade since they were both suppliers
of raw materials and markets to their mother
countries
• Establishment of new institutions such as
banks, stock exchanges, insurance companies
and futures markets
 Explain the concept of
Inflation
Causes of the Commercial Revolution
 Emerging middle class
 Rise of capitalism
 Sailing innovations
Plantation House
Summary Questions
 What were the results of European
exploration of the Americas?
1.
2.
3.



North American Colonization
The Columbian Exchange
Large trade networks developed