Transcript PERIOD 2: ORGANIZATION AND REORGANIZATION OF HUMAN …

PERIOD 2:
ORGANIZATION AND
REORGANIZATION OF
HUMAN SOCIETIES
c. 600 BCE – c. 600 CE
Ch 5, p. 55
Source: AP World History Crash Course by J.P. Harmon
c. 600 BCE – c. 600 CE
The Classical Era
Development ofCity-States
and Empires
Empire
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Definition:
◼
One king with political control over a large amount
of territory
◼ Usually includes people of a variety of cultures
and languages
◼ Leadership is not necessarily from the same
family except in China –
▫ Dynasty – leadership in ONE family
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City-states were powerful cities that expanded
their power over neighboring peoples and formed
colonies
Must-Know Empires & City-States
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Southwest Asia
◼
Persian (Achaemenid) Empire (c. 500BCE-c. 330
BCE)
◼ Parthian Empire (c. 250 BCE – c. 220 CE)
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East Asia
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Qin Dynasty (c. 220 BCE – c. 206 BCE)
Han Dynasty (c. 206 BCE – c. 220 CE)
South Asia
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Mauryan Empire ( c. 321 BCE – c. 185 BCE)
Gupta Empire ( c. 320 CE – c. 550 CE)
Must-Know Empires & City-States
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Mediterranean
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Phoenician city-states and their colonies around the
Mediterranean (c. 1000 – c. 200 BCE)
Greek city-states (c. 600 – 330 BCE)
Alexander’s Hellenistic empires (c. 330 BCE – c. 30 CE)
Roman Republic (c. 500 BCE – c. 30 BCE)
Roman Empire (c. 30 BCE – 476 CE)
Byzantine Empire ( 476 CE – 1453 CE)
Mesoamerica
Andean South America
Must-Know Empires & City-States
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Mesoamerica
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Teotihuacán city-state (c. 100 – 700 CE)
Mayan city-state (c. 250 – 900 CE)
Andean South America
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Moche Empire (c. 100 – c. 800 CE)
Political Control and
Contributions
Classical Empires
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Created complex forms of governments and
elaborate bureaucracies
Kings had a great deal of administrative support
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Empires also had
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Vice-kings, governors, city-leaders
government record-keepers, post office officials, tax
collectors, soldiers, census takers, judges
Many governments in later eras modeled their
systems on the governments form this era
Achaemenid Empire
550 BCE – c. 330 BCE
Parthian Empire
c. 250 BCE – c. 220 CE
Persian Empires
Persian Empire
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Centered in
modern Iran
Stretched from
Western India
almost to modern
Greece
The largest of the
two
Persian Empire
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King used regional leaders (satraps) to run
portions of the empire and report back
One of the world’s first highway systems
used to move armies and messengers
rapidly
◼
Messengers delivered dispatches with such
efficiency that a Greek historian said:
◼ “neither snow, nor rain, nor gloom of night” could
keep them from their jobs”
Persian Empire
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Over-extended and became vulnerable to
attack
Early 300s BCE, Alexander the Great,
Macedonian ruler of Greece, spent 11 years
attempting to conquer this empire
Alexander achieved his goal but died soon
after
His empire divided among his top 4 generals
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About 100 years later, the Parthian’s
arose
Defeated what was left of Alexander’s
kingdom
Became rivals to Rome
Parthian Empire
Qin Dynasty (c. 220 BCE – c. 206 BCE)
Han Dynasty (c. 206 BCE – c. 220 CE)
Chinese Dynasties
Chinese Dynasties
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Known for :
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Religious tolerance
Technological achievements
Government systems
Qin Dynasty
Qin
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Began after the chaos of the Warring States
Period (c. 500 BCE – c. 220 BCE)
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20 warlords fighting for power of China, until 220
BCE
Chinese believed heavens would provide
them with a ruler who would establish a
family line, a dynasty who would rule until its
leaders displeased the powers in heaven
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Called the Mandate of Heaven
Integral part of Chinese culture
Qin
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Qin Shihuangdi returned China to
dynastic rule with both diplomatic skill
and military ruthlessness
Used philosophy called “Legalism”
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Established a clear chain of command
Clear rules of bureaucratic etiquette
Severe punishments for crimes
Qin
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Dynasty didn’t last long
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220 BCE – 206 BCE – 14 years
But despite short length established a
solid foundation for Chinese dynastic rule
Endured until the 20th century
The most complex bureaucracy in the
Classical Era
Han Dynasty
Han Dynasty
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206 BCE – 220 CE
Roughly contemporary to the Roman
Empire
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Exchanged trade and diplomatic ties along the
Silk Road
Roughly as large and as wealthy as the
Roman Empire
More technologically advanced that
Rome
Han Dynasty
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Extended his power through a mix of
diplomacy, trade and military
Began building the Great Wall of China
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Some credit Qin for this
Defense from the Huns
Began canal digging projects that linked
north and south China
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Designed to help trade of grain to the south and
rice to the north
◼ Aided in the movement of people
Mauryan Empire c. 321 – c. 185 BCE
Gupta Empire c 320 – c. 550 CE
South Asian Empires
India
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Typical Indian political history is decentrialized
Only centralized 5 times in it’s history
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Alexander
◼ Mauryan
◼ Gupta
◼ Mughals
◼ British
Mauryan Empire
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Stretched from
modern Pakistan
almost to the
southern end of
modern India
Mauryan Empire
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Most famous ruler was Asoka (Ashoka)
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Hindu who built empire through bloody conquest
Converted to a peaceful life under Buddhism
Promoted spread of Buddhist missionaries into
East and Southeast Asia
Ruled in a manner considered kindly for the time
Despite his efforts, India remains predominantly
Hindu
Ashoka
Gupta Empire
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C. 320 CE – c 550
CE
Covered northern
half of India
Noted for cultural
contributions to
Western Culture
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Zero
“Arabic” numerals
Chess
Medical advances
Phoenician city-states and their Mediterranean
colonies (c. 1000 – c. 200 BCE)
Greek city-states (c. 600 – 330 BCE)
Alexander’s Hellenistic empires (c. 330 BCE – c.
30 CE)
Roman Republic (c. 500 BCE – c. 30 BCE)
Roman Empire (c. 30 BCE – 476 CE)
Byzantine Empire ( 476 CE – 1453 CE)
Mediterranean Empires
Phoenician City-States
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Original base on
east Med. Sea in
modern day
Lebanon
Great seafarers
Established
colonies across the
Med. Sea
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Greece
Italy
Northern Africa
Spain
Phoenician City-States
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Did not use military conquest to gain
power
Interested in trade
Became the “go-betweens”
Specialized in luxury goods
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Diamonds
Cinnamon
Roses
Phoenician City-States
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Colonies in Greece greatly influenced Greek
civilization
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The Phoenician alphabet was adopted
Reading from left to right
Greeks brought their culture to the Romans
c. 300 – c. 200s BCE Rome fought one of the
last Phoenician colonies –Carthage
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Wanted economic and political control of all of the Med.
Sea
Rome’s victory led to the rise of the Roman Republic
Greek City-States
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c. 600 BCE – c. 330 BCE
Greek City-States
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Culturally similar in language and religion
Diverse in governing
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Athens – democracy
Sparta – totalitarian, military oligarchy
Thebes – monarchy
Political forms in Greece usually existed
somewhere between Athens and Sparta
Greek City-States
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Persian Wars
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War between united Greek City-States and the
first Persian Empire
Peloponnesian War
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War between Athens and Sparta and their allies
◼ Sparta wins, but leaves most of city-states weak
◼ Philip II – King of Macedonia takes advantage of
weakness and conquers much of Greece and
unites them under his power
PERSIAN WAR
PELOPONNESIAN WAR
Alexander the Great
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Became King at 20 after Phillip’s
assassination
Swore to bring revenge to the Persian
Empire who he believed was responsible
for his father’s death
Unified ALL of Greece
Gathered an army to conquer Persia in
300s BCE
Alexander the Great
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At some length, Alexander defeats Darius II
and takes over the Persian Empire
Moves to expand his territory to Egypt and
Northern India
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Takes Egypt by cunning
◼ Takes India by war
▫ Men threaten to mutiny and he agrees to head back
to Greece
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Dies at the age of 33 in Babylon
Hellenism
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Alexander’s greatest legacy
A blend of math, science, philosophy,
literature, governance, architecture and art
of Greece, India, Egypt and Persia
A prime example of CULTURAL
SYNCRETISM
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Statues of Buddha in the Greek style
Coins with Alex’s face on them everywhere
Egyptian scientists, educated in Greece
accurately estimated the earth’s circumference
Rome
Roman History Timeline
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Roman Republic
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Roman Empire
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C. 509 BCE – 30 BCE
30 BCE – 476 CE
Byzantine Empire
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476 CE – 1453 CE
Roman Civilization
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Patterned much from Greece
Through their vast empire they influenced
most of Western Europe, Southwest Asia
and North Africa
“Rome captured Greece but Greece
captivated Rome”
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Meaning?
Rome
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Roman army conquered Greece soon after
Alexander’s death
But because of the Greek influence on the
Italian mainland, Romans adopted many
aspects of Greek Culture
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architecture
Philosophy
literature
Romans traded many of their gods for Greek
gods, but gave them Roman names
Rome
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Roman Classical era includes both the
Republic and the Empire
The assassination of Julius Caesar and
the rise of Augustus as emperor mark the
shift from Republic to Empire
Roman Architecture
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Monuments
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Temples
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Gods and goddesses
Aqueducts
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Political & military leaders
Fresh water in every city
Vast network of roads
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Used for rapid transit of troops
Aided in trade as well as spread of Christianity
Roman Architecture
Roman Government
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If a problem couldn’t be fixed by a military, it
couldn’t be fixed
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Legionnaires were the engineers, builders,
laborers
Used military to protect and expand trade by
land and sea
Built military forces throughout empire
Extended their influence by using diplomats
and merchants to broker treaties and trade
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SILK!
Roman Civilization
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Romans encouraged migration to their
colonies to encourage the natives to
embrace the “Roman Way”
Many people in Europe and Africa were
considered “Roman” but had never seen
Rome
Cities built in the provinces modeled
Rome from arenas to baths
A Divided Empire
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180 CE – the peak of Pax Romana under
Marcus Aurelius
Beginning with Commodus’s reign, the
empire began to fail
To large to manage as a whole
Diocletian divided empire to ease
management
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284
Constantine moved capital to Byzantium
Theodosius made split permanent 395
Justinian tried to unite it again
Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire
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476 CE Ostrogoths sacked Rome
Odacer, crowned himself “emperor” of
Rome
The western Roman empire was no more
In the east, the Empire remained for
nearly 1000 years
Byzantine Empire
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Capital: Constantinople
Influenced social, political and economic
development
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Russia
▫ Cyrillic Alphabet
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Eastern Europe
◼ Modern-day Turkey
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Greatest contribution
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Justinian’s Code
Teotihuacán – c. 100 CE – c. 700 CE
Maya – c. 250 CE – c. 900 CE
Moche – c. 100 CE – c. 800 CE
Mesoamerican and Andean
Civilization
Mesoamerican and Andean
Civilization
Teotihuacán
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City-State located north of the Maya
civilization
Population of maybe 200,000
Separate civilization than the Maya
Complex bureaucracy
Built reservoirs, apartment complexes and
pyramids
Traded and warred with Maya
Maya
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Located Central American and southern
Mexico
Made complex mathematical calculations
Studied the stars
Developed a complex writing system to
record
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History
Religious beliefs
Astronomical observations
Mayan Temples
Maya
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Largest city – Tikal
100,000 people total
Largest structure in Americas until late 19th C
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14 story temple
◼ Celestial observatory
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Agricultural system featured irrigation and
terracing of hillsides
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Supported a population of nearly 5 million
Maya
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Maintained power through military
coercion
Established a tribute system of goods
and people from those who were
conquered
Connected to and influenced regional
trade networks
Close relationship between spiritual and
political leaders
Mayan Cities
Moche
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Territory stretched 250 miles along the
west coast of the Andes Mountains in
Peru
Govern by a class of warrior priests
Built pyramids and other large buildings
Traded with neighboring peoples
Complex irrigation systems and terracing
to grow crops
Common Features of
Empires and CityStates
Summary of similarities between civilizations in the Americas
and Afro-Eurasia
Importance of Cities
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Centers of :
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art
◼ trade
◼ religion
◼ Government buildings
Major cities of the era
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Mediterranean
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Alexandria
◼ Carthage
◼ Rome
◼ Constantinople
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East Asia
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Chang’an
Mesoamerica
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Teotihuacán
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All quite similar with political and religious elite
at top
FollowedSocial
by (order Structures
depended on the
civilization) merchants, warriors, craftspeople,
laborers, and slaves
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Slaves were at the bottom of all societies
▫ Mayan & Romans more dependent on slaves than Han
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East Asians were the only ones to consider
merchants near the bottom
▫ Thought to be of little value b/c the exchanged goods
rather than producing them
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Mauryan/Gupta social status predetermined by the
caste
Labor Systems
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Agricultural and other labor provided by:
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Free people
Indentured servants
slaves
Often agricultural working class forced to
provide free labor to government in roadbuilding and other civic projects
2 examples of civic labor
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Construction of Great Wall and the Grand
Decline and Fall of the
Classical Empires
Patterns of Decline
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Different times for each civilization but
same patterns
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Over-extension
Declining political, social and economic areas
caused by
▫ Internal disruptions
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Outside invasions
Patterns of Decline
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Order of decline
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Mauryan
◼ Han
◼ Western Roman
◼ Gupta
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Events leading to decline included
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Long but serious decline in political, social &
economic influence over its own people and
then those outside its borders
Internal Pressures
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Diseases spread by war and by
transference along trade routes
Peasant revolts against overbearing
landlords
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Yellow Turban revolt against Han dynasty
▫ Promised new society with no rich landlords and
no oppressive government officials bullying
peasants into coerced labor
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Resistance to high taxation
External Pressures
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Rival empires, local rebels & nomadic
groups taking advantage of thinning
numbers of the hated empire’s military as
it began as it began to decline
Nomadic invaders (barbarians) swept
thru farms and cities of all empires,
looting and taking food as well as
destroying and killing
Most famous barbarian invaders of Rome
Some Differences in
Declines
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Han dynasty fell mostly because of
internal causes
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Struggles for power among dynastic family
members and top generals
◼ Yellow Turban Revolt
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The fall of the empires in the Americas
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Remain a mystery and a source of debate
Some Differences in
Declines
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The fall of the empires in the Americas
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Remain a mystery and a source of debate
Current theories
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ecological collapse either brought on by
overuse of land or by natural changes of
climate
Either theory would have led to lower levels of
food production
Without abundant food the dependant
residents of Teotihuacán, Tikal and those of