The Cold War
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Transcript The Cold War
Chapter 31
Cold War – Big Picture
Western & Eastern Europe were devastated by World
War II, soon divided by the iron curtain
U.S.S.R. soon emerged as a superpower rivaling the
U.S.
Eastern Europe was dominated by the Soviets for 45
years after the war
Eastern Europe: advances in industrial capability were
balanced by repression from the Communist system
Western Europe generally followed the U.S. model
The West showed strong economic recovery in the
years following the war
A consumer culture arose, women reached new heights
of equality, and democracy was firmly established
Cold War Timeline
After World War II
Infrastructure of Europe destroyed - bombings
Boundary changes + forced labor = refugees
USSR and USA size and industrial strength dwarf
European nation-states
Soviets create an empire that dominates Eastern
Europe
Western Europe recovers, but not dominant
US breaks from isolationism, turns international
the arrival of the Cold War, and decolonization set a
challenging international context for western Europe
Parliamentary democracies gained ground
Parts of Europe united as never before, as some old
enemies quickly became fast allies
Rapid economic growth caused changes in society
After World War II
Europe and Its Colonies
The British, the Dutch, and the French found a
hostile climate in colonies after World War II
Decolonization happened more smoothly than before
After WWII, Europe’s power significantly reduced
Decolonization's Effect on Europe
Returning settlers angry
Europe's role in world affairs became minimal
Vietnam
French forced out, 1954- costly defeats
Algeria
Another French colony, independence in 1962
Egypt
Suez Canal crisis of 1956 - symbolic shift
Britain, France (Israel) attack
U.S., Russia (via U.N.) force them to withdraw
The Cold War
U.S. vs U.S.S.R. and its influence
Eastern block formed (All Eastern Europe except Turkey)
Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, East
Germany
Marshall Plan, 1947
Loans designed to aid western European nations rebuild from
WWIIʹs devastation
Germany, focal point, divided into Soviet- and U.S.-influenced
parts
allies rebuild, from 1946
Russian blockade, 1947
American airlift
split, 1948
NATO, 1949
US led, formed to counter perceived Soviet aggression in that
continent
Warsaw Pact
U.S.S.R. countered with an alliance of its own In the
1950s the Middle East and Asia, Cold War conflicts arose as well,
with war breaking out in Korea and Vietnam
Soviet & Eastern
European
Boundaries
by 1948
Germany
after
World
War II
Resurgence of W. Europe
The Spread of Liberal Democracy
Fascism was crushed
New constitutions in several western European nations
firmly established constitutional democracies
Christian Democrats
Christian principles to public policy
social reform
Federal Republic of Germany
France
Fifth Republic, 1958
Portugal, Spain
democratic, parliamentary systems
By the 1980s, western Europe was more politically
uniform than at any point in history
Power passed from one side to the other without major
disruption
The Welfare State
After WWII, Conservatives did not dismantle the
welfare state and socialist parties moderated their tone
Western Europe, United States, Canada later
unemployment insurance, medicine, housing, & family
assistance
Resurgence of W.Europe
New Challenges to Political Stability –jolted
Civil rights movement, 1950s-1960s MLK, Malcolm X etc…
Major campus unrest focused on the Vietnam War and civil rights
Early 1970s new rights for students ended intense student protests
The flexibility of postwar Western democracy seemed triumphant
Other political concerns emerged
New feminism
Environmentalist movements -Green Movement
The Green Party traces its origins to the student protest movement
of the 1960s, the environmentalist movement of the 1970s, and the
peace movement of the early 1980s.
Economic Expansion
Economic growth accompanied political and social change 20 years
after WWII
High unemployment elsewhere
ʺtechnocratʺ became a new breed of bureaucrat (engineering or economics)
Immigration of workers into Europe, U.S.
Western civilization became an affluent, consumer-oriented society.
1970s, the resurgence had slowed; afterwards, economic advancement
occurred, but not as thoroughly
The Diplomatic Context
European Union
European Economic Community, 1958. Common Market
Single currency, 2001 euro
European Community, 2002
The continent enjoyed its longest period of internal peace in history
Cold War Allies
The Former Dominions
Similar economic, political, and social trends occurred in the “overseas West” as
they had in western Europe and the United States. The U.S. paved the way in
foreign policy with the decline of Britain
Canada government health care & welfare policies
separatist movement within the French community in Quebec
1982, new constitution
Australia, New Zealand moved toward alliances around the Pacific
defense pact with U.S., 1951
take part in Korean War
Australia supports U.S. in Vietnam from 1970s, more independent
Asian immigration into Australia was a key social development.
The "U.S. Century"?
1950s, United States assumed the mantle of leadership of democracies and
capitalist societies against the Soviet Union
The Truman Doctrine of containment of Communism began in Europe and spread
around the globe, to southeast Asia, the Middle East, Latin America, and Africa
Vietnam, 1960s
Domestic pressure U.S. withdraws, 1975
By the early 1990s, the U.S. emerged victorious in the cold war and the world’s
only remaining superpower
End of the century, the U.S. found itself involved in flashpoints in the Middle
East
Culture and Society in the West
Social Structure
Social lines were blurred by increasing social mobility
White-collar/Middle-class people had more leisure opportunities than
the working class
Most unskilled labor was done by immigrants
Crime rates increased after the 1940s
Racism, anti-immigration conflict
Culture and Society in the West
Classic tensions of industrial society declined but gender relations
were profoundly altered by new work roles for women
Consumerism gained ground, becoming a defining feature of
Western civilization
The Women’s Revolution
A key facet of postwar change involved women and the family
1950s onward the number of married working women rose steadily
in the West
Right to vote
more education
job opportunities
access to divorce & reproductive rights
Marriage and children came at later ages
Maternal care replaced by day-care centers, as both parents worked
New –feminism political agitation occurred in the 1960s and 1970s
Simone de Beauvoir The Second Sex, 1949
Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique
Western Culture
One key development was the shift of focus toward the United States
"Brain drain" to U.S.
Genetics, nuclear, space research
New York replaced Paris as the center of international styles
Pop art
Pablo Picasso
Developments in the arts maintained earlier 20th-century themes.
Europeans especially shined in artistic films
Economics became something of an American specialty
Social history became increasingly important
A Lively Popular Culture
Western society displayed more vitality in popular culture than in
intellectual life
American television and music were particularly effective agents of that
nation’s culture (or the perception of it).
European music was one area that bucked this trend of
“Americanization”
U.S. and in Europe, sexual behavior changed among young people,
with an increased acceptance of experimentation
As the West’s political influence declined around the globe, its cultural
influence was at an all-time high.
Soviet Empire
The Soviet Union as Superpower
After World War II, the U.S.S.R. was a superpower that
rivaled the United States,
Status was confirmed when it developed atomic weapons
1949
These two nations used diplomacy and military strength to
vie for influence in Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Latin
America
Eastern Europe After World War II: A Soviet Empire
Several major changes in eastern Europe paralleled that of
the West, including the impact of industrialization and Cold
War competition
The Soviet Union sought independence from the world
economy and territorial expansion continued
Expands in Pacific
Pacific Islands, North Korea
Influence via aid Chinese, Vietnamese communism
Nationalists in Africa, Middle East, Asia
Cuba
Alliance (Cuban Missile Crisis)
Soviet Empire, E. Europe
There, opposition to Soviet rule was crushed
Dominance of all but Greece, Albania, Yugoslavia
Mass education & Propaganda outlets were established
Industrialization was pushed
Warsaw Pact causes tensions…
East Germans protest, 1953
suppressed
Berlin Wall, 1961
to stop flight to west
After 1956, death of Stalin
Hungary, Poland
moderate regimes
Hungary crushed
Czechoslovakia
liberal regime
suppressed, 1968
Poland
Army takes control, 1970s
Solidarity Movement, The independent labor movement in Poland that
challenged Soviet dominance was called
By the 1980s, eastern Europe had been vastly changed by Communist rule and
cracks were beginning to appear in the Soviet-built masonry.
Soviet Culture
Soviet Culture: Promoting New Beliefs and Institutions
Rapid industrialization created new issues in eastern European society and culture.
Freedom of religion was restricted, Orthodox Church state control
Important literary currents showed impressive vitality, even as Soviet leaders attacked
Western culture and sought alternatives to Western-style consumerism
Party ideals dictate art literature retains vitality
Jews restricted
Alexander Solzhenitsyn Gulag Archipelago was exiled to the West, but found life there too
materialistic
Beginning in the 1950s, the Stalinist system yielded to more flexibility but Communist
party control remained tight.
The sciences, especially those useful to the military, were strongly promoted.
By the 1970s, new diplomatic and social issues arose.
Economy and Society
Lagged in consumer goods because governmental policy heavy industry
Living standards improved compared to pre-WWII
A great deal of environmental damage occurred because of the drive to produce at all
costs
poor consumer products throughout the Communist Era
Problems in agricultural production went unsolved as well.
Comparison to Western culture included a similar attraction to leisure sports, television,
crowded cities, and a dropping birth rate
Soviet propaganda promoted the “equality” of women in the workplace but there were
signs that many suffered burdens from demanding jobs and home life.
Soviet Culture
De-Stalinization
After Stalin’s death in the 1953
Nikita Khrushchev emerged as his successor 1956
Khrushchev triggered a partial thaw of Stalin’s vicious policies and
at times seemed to promote cooperation with the West
But little real change was made in the Communist institution…
Khrushchev was ousted by the ruling party after Cuban missile crisis in
1962
The U.S.S.R. held the lead in the space race with the U.S. until the
late 1960s.
Relations with Communist China and other nations turned sour
High rates of alcoholism plagued the male workforce
Economic growth fluctuated through the 1980s, by which time the
entire system lay on the verge of collapse
Muslim resistance
20 million population
Chechnya, 1940s, 1994-96, 1999-2000
Invasion of Afghanistan,1979
After 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev significantly altered
political diplomatic, & economic policies
Eventually, end of Communism in Europe.