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THE WORLD’S HISTORY Fourth Edition Chapter 18 Nationalism, Imperialism, and Resistance The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Nationalism, Imperialism and Resistance • French Revolution, Napoleon & Nationalism – French government based on contract with the nation--a political group--not with a ruler – French armies took their nationalism and Code Napoleon on their European conquests – European nationalism a response to French dominance and French power The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Nationalism The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Nationalism • The Periphery of Western Europe – Nationalism strongest on edges of Europe – Two faces of nationalism Positive: Empowers masses of nation Negative: Leads to conflicts such as World War I – Nationalism in Latin America was “top down” – Canadian nationalism prevails over regionalism – U. S. nationalism tied to constitutional oath The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Nationalism The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Nationalism • Italy and Germany – Neither unified before 1870 – Composed of culturally similar but politically separate small states before 1870 – Regional leaders in both countries sought unification to obtain national power – Italy had common language and borders, Germany not as well situated The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Nationalism • Italy and Germany [cont.] – Giuseppe Mazzini provide vision for Italy Formed Young Italy in 1831 Camillo Cavour provided political power and alliances from Peidmont Garibaldi added Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Victor Emmanuel II leads unified Italy The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Nationalism • Italy and Germany [cont.] – Otto von Bismarck of Prussia unified Germany – Strong cultural and economic basis for country Unifying folklore from work of Grimm brothers Economic ties from 1828 zollverein (customs union) – Unification achieved by wars (“Blood & Iron”) Defeated Austria (1866) and France (1871) Southern German states voted to join The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Nationalism • Nationalism led to wars of unification and willingness to control affairs of others to benefit the “nation” – British taxes on India took money out of Indian economy for British home treasury – British tariffs harsh on Indian textiles during early industrialization • Trade rivals for Britain by early 1800s The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Nationalism • The Rise of Zionism – The movement to create a Jewish state – Success of European nationalism transform prayer for Israel into a movement for it – Nationalism prompts persecution of outsiders Dreyfus Affair leads to Jewish fears in Europe – Theodore Herzl the founder and visionary – Not all Jews supported the hope of Israel The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Quest for Empire The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Quest for Empire The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Quest for Empire • Fierce economic competition from US, Germany and France • Trade and the related desire to control territory led to creation of empires – By 1914: 85% of earth’s surface controlled by Europe or nations of European ancestry – Economics of nominally independent countries under European control The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Quest for Empire • Western European power based on “dual revolutions” of political & industrial change • Success led to belief in superiority over those parts of the world that had not achieved gains of the “dual revolutions” • Attitude often carried racial overtones to reinforce belief of superiority The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Quest for Empire • The Ottoman Empire, 1829-76 – Was close to Europe and growing weaker as demonstrated by Crimean War (1854-6) – Social organization on the “millet system” People organized by religious group under religious leader to enforce religious laws and collect taxes in contrast to European practice of unified people After Crimean defeat, the Ottomans pass Humayun edict of 1856 with “equality under the law” The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Quest for Empire • India, 1858-1914 – British defeat French for control of India, 1763 – British East India Company administers the colony Increased tax collection & manipulated tariffs Indian economy structured for British benefit – 1857 mutiny ends East India Company control – Independence movement had to find balance of positive and negative aspects of British rule The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Quest for Empire • Southeast Asia & Indonesia, 1795-1880 – Earlier colonial competition continues Britain claims Malaya & Burma France conquers Indochina by 1893 Dutch take Indonesia and institute Kulturstelsel, an exploitive agricultural system that made peasants devote 1/5 of land to cash rather than personal food crops The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Quest for Empire The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Quest for Empire • China, 1800-1914 – Manchus colonized extensively & felt invulnerable in face of the West – Internal problems from 1800 Population growth but no government response Did possess production for export Opium supplied by West to pay for goods The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Quest for Empire • China, 1800-1914 [cont.] – The Opium Wars 1839-42 war gains extraterritoriality for Britain Refusal to grant diplomatic recognition leads to second war, 1856-60 Taiping Rebellion (began 1850) one measure of Chinese disorganization Weakness confirmed when Japan defeats China in 1894-5 war over Korea The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Quest for Empire • China, 1800-1914 [cont.] – The Boxer Rebellion, 1898-1900 Boxers were nationalists seeking to drive Europeans out of China Western victory results in more concessions from China to the West Promoters of modernization in China opposed by Empress Cixi who served as regent to emperor • Sun Yat-sen leads nationalist revolt to end Manchu dynasty in 1911 The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Africa, 1652-1912 The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Africa, 1652-1912 • Egypt, 1798-1882 – Muhammad Ali (1769-1849) controls Egypt after French leave and Ottomans are ineffective – Expands Egyptian power to Sudan and Arabia Ali a moderate on religion but faces Wahabism Son Ismail agrees with French to build Suez Canal – Modernization policy had mixed results – Egyptian power underscores Ottoman weakness The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Africa, 1652-1912 • Islamic Religious Revival – Revival in Sahel region (edge of Sahara) – West African revivals Uthman dan Fodio in Hausaland al-Hajj Umar in Massina Samori Toure on Niger River – East Africa Muhammad Ahmed, a mahdi in Sudan The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Africa, 1652-1912 • Islamic Religious Revival [cont.]] – Western Orientation in West Africa Sierra Leone a haven for freed slaves Liberia created by American Colonization Society New European export communities • Cotton production on Niger River • Europeans stay along coast while Africans maintain inland contacts and production • River transport with short stretches of railroad Europeans seek greater control from the 1880s The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Africa, 1652-1912 • Algeria, 1830-71 – Part of weakening Ottoman empire – French attack Algeria as center of piracy in 1830 and then claim control of country Meet extensive resistance from Muslim Brotherhood – Numerous Europeans migrate to Algeria and take best farmland – European minority (13%) controls majority Muslim population by 20th century The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Africa, 1652-1912 • Europeans & the Scramble for Africa – Knowledge of Africa provided by exploration Needed for commerce, missions, & science Most famous is the Stanley-Livingston episode – Berlin Conference of 1884 prevents open competition among European powers – African resistance to European claims met with force The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Quest for Empire The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Africa, 1652-1912 • Europeans & the Scramble for Africa [cont] – Labor Issues: Coercion and Unionization 1913 Native Lands Act excludes Africans from 87% of South African land Need for miners in South African gold and diamond mines leads to low pay and the break up of families that can’t afford to move to the mines Trade union membership restricted to white workers Race trumped free market capitalism and labor solidarity The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Africa, 1652-1912 • South Africa, 1652-1910 – Dutch settlement in 1652 – British gain control from Napoleonic Wars Abolish slavery, 1834, but claim best land Restrict vote but pass Masters and Servants Act – Dutch Boer Trek to avoid British customs – Zulu War to resist British control – South African importance less after Suez opens The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Gender Relationships in Colonization • Sexual liaisons with local colonial women ended with arrival of European women – Create boundaries between Europeans & locals – European families claim role as models of highest values of imperial country – No female solidarity between local & Europeans – Some adoption of European models in colony The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Anti-Colonial Revolts, 1857-1914 • Benefits of empire (jobs, e.g.) accompanied by resentment at discrimination • Colonials initially sought restoration of idealized, independent past • Later movements sought freedom within setting of modern institutions – Young Turks – African National Congress (South Africa) The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Japan: From Isolation to Equality, 1867-1914 The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Japan: From Isolation to Equality, 1867-1914 • The End of the Shogunate – Japanese isolation ends with Commodore Perry – Regional leaders decide to remove Shogun-administered Japan in name of the emperor and stood in way of modernization – Meiji Restoration began as regional revolt & ended with confiscation of Shogun’s land and restoration of direct rule by the emperor assisted by daimyo The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Japan: From Isolation to Equality, 1867-1914 • Policies of the Meiji Government – Seek knowledge of world with two year tour – Import advisors in industry & agricultural – 130 foreigners in government by 1879 – Restructure Government Daimyo give lands to emperor & become governors War with those who won’t Create western style army using German model The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Japan: From Isolation to Equality, 1867-1914 • Policies of the Meiji Government [cont.] – Restructuring the Economy Revitalized agriculture yields landlord profits for investment in commerce and industry Government finances early industrial ventures – Urbanization Existing cities were regional capitals New cities combined old businesses and entertainments with new westernized sectors The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Japan: From Isolation to Equality, 1867-1914 • Policies of the Meiji Government [cont.] – Cultural and Educational Change Westernization in fashion, calendar & measurement Extensive study of western writings including Mill and Spencer Centralized, compulsory education • Ninety per cent of boys and girls attend school by 1905 The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Japan: From Isolation to Equality, 1867-1914 • Policies of the Meiji Government [cont.] – Gender Relations Restoration of emperor reinforced male control of household Women & minors barred from political activities Women gain vote after World War II Women have few legal rights after 1898 Civil Code Goal of women’s education was to create “good wives and wise mothers” The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Japan: From Isolation to Equality, 1867-1914 • Policies of the Meiji Governemnt [cont.] – War, Colonialism & Equality in the Family of Nations Seek control of tariffs--done by 1911 Expansion into Korea & Manchuria makes Japan dominant East Asian power Equality with Europe in 1902 alliance with Britain Defeat of Russia in 1905 underscores possession of “great power” military Annex Korea, 1910 The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Nationalism and Imperialism • Nationalism instilled pride and hope but also competition for resources & prestige • Dual revolutions tie nations and peoples more closely together • Imperialism claim to benefit those colonized but meet resentment The World’s History, Fourth Edition Howard Spodek Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.