Transcript World War I – Chapter 29

Chapter 29 – World War I
(1914-1918)
The War to End all Wars
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
The Stage is Set for War
 Should you always support a friend, no
matter what he or she does?
 What might be the risks of refusing to
help an ally?
 What might be the consequences of a war
involving all of Europe?
 What are the reasons countries go to
war?
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
The Rise of Nationalism
 A deep devotion to
one’s country is
called Nationalism.
 Can serve as a
unifying force or can
cause intense
competition b/w
nations.
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
Problems w/ Nationalism
 Competition for materials and markets was
one problem.
 England had been the initiator & leader in
Europe during the Industrial Revolution.
 The new country of Germany wanted a piece
of the industrial pie & started competing with
England in industry & its navy.
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
Territorial Disputes
 France upset at its
loss of AlsaceLorraine to Germany
during the FrancoPrussian War (1870)
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
Territorial Disputes
 Austria – Hungary
(AH) & Russia both
tried to dominate in
the Balkans (region
in Southeast
Europe).
 Serbs, Bulgarians,
Romanians wanted
independence.
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
Nationalism
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
Other factors
 What is it called when stronger countries
take over weaker ones to create an
empire?
 The answer is imperialism.
 As European countries continued to
compete for an overseas empire in Asia &
Africa mistrust & rivalry deepened.
 Why do countries try to obtain colonies?
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
Imperialism
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
Africa before
 Germany and
France fought over
who would control
Morocco.
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
The Scramble for Colonies
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
Yet Another Factor
 Increasing nationalism led to a dangerous
European arms race.
 What is the importance of a strong
military?
 The policy of glorifying military power &
keeping an army prepared for war was
known as militarism.
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
Militarism
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
Money Spent on Weapons
Country
Soldiers
Money spent in
Millions
Britain
750,000
50,000,000
France
1,500,000
40,000,000
Germany
8,250,000
60,000,000
Austria
750,000
22,500,000
Russia
1,250,000
15,500,000
Italy
750,000
10,000,000
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
Imperialism
Nationalism
Devotion to
Causes of
WWI
one’s nation
Domination by strong nation
over a weak nation
?????
And the final piece to the puzzle is…
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
Militarism
Glorification of military
Tangled Alliances
“I and the army
were born for one
another”
 Triple Alliance ~ Germany, AH, Italy
 Kaiser Wilhelm II forced Germany’s chancellor
Otto von Bismarck to resign & took complete
control.
 Wilhelm ended Germany’s treaty with Russia &
started to challenge England’s empire.
 In Response ………
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
Tangled Alliances
 Great Britain, France
& Russia formed the
Triple Entente.
 Did not bind Great
Britain to fight with
them, but made sure
they would not fight
against them.
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
Empires & Alliances
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
Crisis in the Balkans
 The Ottoman Empire
was in decline & some
countries declared
independence
(Bulgaria, Greece,
Montenegro, Romania,
Serbia)
 Serbia wants to expand
& absorb all of the
Slavic peoples.
 Russia supported
Serbian nationalism &
AH felt threatened by it.
 1908 ~ AH annexed
Bosnia & Herzegovina
which had large Slavic
populations.
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
Shot Rings Throughout Europe
 June 28, 1914 ~ heir to the
Austrian throne, Archduke Franz
Ferdinand & his wife Sophie went
to Sarajevo (capital of Bosnia).
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
Shot Rings Throughout Europe
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
Shot Rings Throughout Europe
 Unfortunately, both
were killed by Gavrilo
Princip
 Princip was a member
of the Black Hand (a
secret society
committed to getting rid
of Austrian rule)
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
Shot Rings Throughout Europe
 AH wanted to punish Serbia.
 AH presented Serbia with a list of
ultimatums.
• End all anti-Austrian activity
• Allow Austrian officials into their
country to conduct an
investigation.
 AH refuses to negotiate with the
Serbians and on July 28, 1914
declared war on Serbia.
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
War Consumes Europe (Chain Reaction)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
AH blamed Serbia for the murders of the archduke and his
wife and made harsh demands in Serbia.
Serbia agreed to some demands while allowed others to be
determined by international conference.
AH declared war on Serbia on July 28.
Russia, A Slavic nation and friend of Serbia, mobilized
(prepared) its forces in preparation of war.
Germany, an ally of AH, declared war on Russia.
Germany declared war on France, an ally of Russia
Germany invaded Belgium on August 3, 1914, so that
German forces could enter France more easily.
Britain declared war on Germany.
The machinery of war has been set in motion.
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
War Consumes Europe
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
War Consumes Europe
 Germany was faced with a two
front war.
 Germany’s plan called for an
attack on France first & then go
after the Russians (who lacked
many railroads to quickly travel).
 This was known as the Schlieffen
Plan.
 The plan fails because:
• Russian troops mobilized
quicker then expected.
• German supply lines get bogged
down on northern front.
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
Schlieffen Plan.
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
Schlieffen Plan and Plan XVII
 Plan XVII was the French offensive into
Alsace and Lorraine, in which it was
imagined that French élan (fighting spirit)
would carry the offensive.
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
War in Europe
 Speed was vital to Germans plan – France had
troops all along their borders w/ Germany.
 Knowing it would be slow to break through – found
a new route through Belgium.
 Belgium being neutral refused to allow Germany to
pass through, and as a result Germany invaded
Belgium.
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
War in Europe
 Allies
• Great Britain
• France
• Russia
• Italy and
Japan joined
within weeks
 Central Powers
• Germany
• Austria-Hungary
• Bulgaria and Ottoman
Empire join later on in hope
to regain lost territories.
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
Stalemate along Western Front
 Germany was in a deadlock along
boarders of France = Western
Front
 1st Battle of the Marne – Allies
attacked the Germans northeast of
Paris.
 Over 600 taxicabs rushed Allied
reinforcements from Paris to the
battle.
 An important battle because it
ruined the Schlieffen Plan and left
the Western Front in a stalemate.
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
Trench Warfare
 Trenches were cut through battlefield fronts in Europe to protect troops
from deadly artillery and machine-gun fire. Firing trenches were backed by
cover trenches, which provided a second line of defense in case enemies
overran the firing trench. Each was about 1.8 to 2.5 m (6 to 8 ft) deep. Offduty troops lived in dugouts in the support trenches. Supplies, food, and
fresh troops moved to the front through a network of reserve and
communications trenches. Between the trenches of opposing forces lay noman’s-land. Crossing no-man’s-land often resulted in death, because it was
strewn with barbed wire and open to the sights of enemy guns.
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
Life in the Trenches
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
Stalemate along Western Front
 Soldiers began
digging trenches to
protect themselves
from enemy fire.
 Trench warfare
allowed for a slow
drawn out war
(stalemate).
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
Trench Warfare
 Life in the trenches
was not easy.
 The space between
trenches was known
as “no man’s land.”
 Many times soldiers
would go “over the
top” to be met with
machine gun fire.
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
The Trenches
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
Images from the trenches
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
Images from
the trenches
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
Images from the trenches
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
The trenches
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
“A Terrain of Death”
 New & improved weapons (machine gun,
poison gas, armored tanks, larger artillery)
helped to kill many soldiers but did not
speed up the war.
 Battle of Verdun – over 300,000 killed
 Battle of the Somme – about 500,000 killed
 In the end, only of a couple of miles gained.
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
“A Terrain of Death”
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
“Big
Bertha”
Hurled one-ton
shells a
distance of
more than 15
km (9 mi).
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
“A Terrain of Death”
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
Eastern Front
 Germany and AH gain the
advantage over Russia after
both the battle of
Tannenberg, and also in the
battle of Limanowa.
 Russia’s war effort was near
collapse because it had yet
to become industrialized!!
 Central Powers controlled
sea routes to Russia = Allies
were unable to send
supplies.
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
War Affects the World
 By early 1915, the U.S. was the
remaining neutral super power =
making this a truly global conflict.
 Allies felt that attacking a region
known as the Dardanelles (Ottoman
Empire), that it could sack
Constantinople (capital) and open
up a supple line for Russia (Gallipoli
campaign).
 In the end the stalemate continues
and the Allies give up the campaign.
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
The United States Enters
 1917 – Germany
announces that their
submarines would sink
any ship in the waters
around G.B. (unrestricted
submarine warfare)
Please
don’t sink
us!
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
The United States Enters
 May 7, 1915 – Remember the
Lusitania – Passenger ship
sunk by German U-boat
resulting in 128 U.S.
casualties.
 Germany eventually backed
down but started again,
hoping its blockade would
starve Britain long enough
before the U.S. could
mobilize.
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
The United States Enters
 February 1917, the British intercept a
telegram (Zimmerman Note).
 It said that Germany would help Mexico
“reconquer” the land it had lost to the U.S.
if Mexico would ally itself with Germany.
 Many Americans already sided with the
Allies because:
• (ancestry and language)
• (economic ties)
 April 2, 1917 – the United States entered
the war on the side of the Allies.
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
War Affects the Home Front
Map of World
with
Participants in
World War I Allies in green
Central Powers
in orange neutral in grey
 The war affected everyone. It becomes a total war (countries
devoted all their resources to the war effort).
 People gave up rights to their perspective governments.
 Factories changed, unemployment disappeared, people from
colonies were utilized as well.
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
War Affects the Home Front
 So many goods in short supply that
governments turned to rationing.
 Governments also limited anything that
opposed the war.
 Governments also used propaganda (one
sided information designed to persuade &
keep up morale & support for the war.)
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
Propaganda Examples
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
Propaganda Examples
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
Propaganda Examples
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
Winning the War
 1917 – Shortages of food &
fuel in Russia caused the end
of Czar’s Nicholas’ gov’t.
The new gov’t promised to
keep fighting but that did not
last long.
 Nov. 1917 – 2nd Russian
Revolution – Communist
Vladimir Lenin took over &
promises to end the war for
Russia.
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
Russia’s Out
 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
(ended the war b/w Ger. &
Russia)
 Russia had to surrender
lands to Germany that
included: Finland, Poland,
Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia,
and Lithuania.
 Though Germany lost the
war, these nations still
gained their independence.
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
A Failed Final Push
 With Russia out, the  French Commander
Germans go for the
Ferdinand Foch used
final blow against
fresh American troops
Paris & come real
to help defeat the
close.
Germans & its allies
(Battle of Belleau
 However, this effort
Wood & Argonne
weakened the
Forest)
Germany army. Why?
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
A Failed Final Push
 July 1918 – Second Battle of the
Marne; Allies storming into
Germany
 Germany’s allies began to
disappear (Bulgaria, Ottoman
Empire & AH)
 Nov. 9, 1918 – Kaiser steps
down.
 Nov. 11, 1918 – An armistice
(cease-fire) is signed.
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
A Flawed Peace
 The Big 4 – Woodrow Wilson (US),
Georges Clemenceau (France), David
Lloyd George (GB), & Vittorio Orlando
(Italy) met in Versailles to discuss the
peace treaty. Which country is missing?
 Wilson wanted the peace settled around
his 14 points which centered around selfdetermination & League of Nations.
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
The Big Four
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
The Treaty of Versailles (quicksand peace)
 Military Restrictions
 League of Nations
• Germany’s military reduced;
• international peace
prohibited from making war
organization; Germany &
materials; can not build
Russia excluded
submarines or have an air force
 Territorial Losses
• Germany cannot have troops in
• Germany returns Alsacethe Rhineland (France does not
Loraine; Fr. Border extended.
get it for itself
• Germany surrenders its
 War Guilt
colonies.
• Germany accepts responsibility
• Italy does not get what it was
& must pay war reparations.
promised by England and
France.
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
Europe after World War I
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
Causes & Effects of WWI

 Causes
• nationalism,
imperialism,militarism &
tangled alliances which
divided Europe
• assassination of Franz
Ferdinand
• supporting allies
required involvement
Effects
• a generation killed
• end of dynasties
• new countries created
• League of Nations
established
• nations feel bitter &
betrayed
• certain causes remain
photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm