Transcript The French and Indian WarChapter 5 Section 3

The French and Indian
WarChapter 5 Section 3
Obvious Question (or is it?)
• Who do you think fought in the French and
Indian War?
• Why was the war important?
French and English Collide
•The “French and Indian
War”, the colonial part of
the “Seven Years War”
that ravaged Europe
from 1756 to 1763, was
the bloodiest American
war in the 1700’s. It took
more lives than the
American Revolution,
involved people on three
continents, including the
Caribbean.
The French and Indian War
• 1700s - France and England had been
fighting for many years in Europe
• Now, both are settling in the New World
• How might this lead to conflict?
The basic cause of the conflict among Native Americans
west of the Appalachian Mountains was land and the fur
trade.
•In the 1740s, both England and France traded for furs with
the Native Americans in the Ohio Country.
•By the 1750s, English colonists, especially the investors in the
Ohio Company, also hoped to convert the wilderness into
good farmland.
•Each side tried to keep the other out of the Ohio Country. In
the early 1750s, French soldiers captured several English
trading posts and built Fort Duquense (now called Pittsburgh)
to defend their territory from the English.
The French and Indian War
French Advantages
• Large area of
land
• From the St.
Lawrence River
to New Orleans
•
France and
Native
Americans
were winning
control of the
American
Before the War Began
• British colonists fought
the French and Indians
with little help from
Britain
• 1754- British
government intervened
• Was alarmed by the
French forts and defeat
of Fort Necessity
• Fall of 1754 Great
Britain appointed
General Edward
Braddock commander
in chief of the British
forces in America
• Braddock was to drive
the French forces out
of the Ohio Valley
George Washington
By the time he was 20, he was
commissioned in the Virginia militia. When he
was appointed to lieutenant colonel he found out
that his standing as a non-British-born officer
afforded less pay than his fellow British officers
of equal rank. It was his first glimpse of British
treatment of Americans and a lesson he would
not soon forget. Nonetheless, he carried the
British flag into battle against the French and
native Americans in what we in America call the
French and Indian war.
The French and Indian War
• 1753 – a 21 year-old
major in the Virginia
Militia, George
Washington, is sent
to demand a French
withdrawal
• If you were France,
what would you do?
Why?
•What is now considered the
“French and Indian War”
(though at the time the war was
undeclared), began in 1753,
when a young Virginian, Major
George Washington, and a
number of men headed out into
the Ohio region to deliver a
message to a French Captain
demanding that French troops
leave the territory. The demand
was rejected by the French.
•A combined force of French soldiers and their native allies
overwhelmed Fort Necessity on July 3, 1754, marking the start of the
“French and Indian War” in North America. The French permitted
Washington and his men to return to Virginia safely, but made them
promise they would not build another fort west of the Appalachian
Mountains for at least a year. England did not officially declare war
until 1756, although the conflict had actually begun two years earlier at
Fort Necessity.
Britain Declares War on France
• Fighting in America
started a new war in
Europe
• Seven Year’s War
• Britain formed an
alliance with Prussia
in 1756
• Prussia fought
France in Europe
• Britain fought France
in the Caribbean,
India, and North
America
•He went on three different British missions to try to
take Fort Duquesne. All three missions ended in defeat.
•1st-
1754, never even reached its destination, stopping to build Fort
Necessity, which then was surrendered to French troops. Washington was
allowed to return to Virginia, where he was told that all colonial officers
were being forced to drop a rank, so he resigned.
•2nd- 1755 The second mission was with Gen. Edward Braddock, but the
result was the same and the defeat even greater: the French smashed the
British again, and Braddock was shot dead.
•3rd- 1758, British and American troops set out again to take fort Duquesne
only to find it burned to the ground by the retreating French.
•In his years in the field, he learned one important fact:
the British could be beaten.
1754 → The First Clash
British
Fort Necessity
* George Washington
French
Fort Duquesne
* Delaware & Shawnee
Indians
Braddock Marches to Duquesne
• June 1755- Braddock
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started out from Virginia
With about 1,400 redcoated British soldiers
And a smaller force of
blue-coated colonial militia
George Washington was
an aide to Braddock
Washington said Braddock
“[Halted] to level every
mole hill, and to erect
bridges over every brook,
by which mean we were
four days in getting twelve
miles”
More of Braddock Marches to
Duquesne
• Washington told
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•
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Braddock his army’s style
was not suited for the
frontier
Lined up in columns and
wearing bright-colored
uniforms
Troops were easy targets
Braddock ignored
Washington’s advice
French and Indian forces
ambushed the British
Even More of Braddock Marches to
Duquesne
• British were confused
and frightened
• Could not see their
attackers who were
hidden in the forest
• Shooting at them
behind trees
• Braddock was killed
• British lost about 1,000
men
• Washington led the
survivors back to
Virginia
General Edward Braddock
•British general who lost an intense
battle at Fort Duquesne. He was the
British commander in America for a time
and one of his officers was a young
George Washington.
•Braddock ordered a march through the
wilderness to a heavily fortified Fort
Duquesne. He paid for it with his life. Out
of the 1,400 British soldiers who were in
involved in the battle, 900 of them died.
One of them was Braddock.
•Washington organized the retreat to
Fort Necessity, where the British awaited
the inevitable French follow-up.
The French and Indian War
• What role could the
Native Americans
play in the French &
Indian War?
Native American groups
who were enemies, chose
sides with either the
British or the French.
Joseph Brant (Thayendanegea), Mohawk
•born in 1742, was a
Mohawk chief who
helped gain Indian
support for the British in
the French and Indian
War between 1754 and
1763.
•Iroquois nation fought
along side the British
The French and Indian War
• Seven colonies met with
the Iroquois Confederacy
• Meeting called the Albany
Congress
• Benjamin Franklin
presented a plan of
union…(more about that
on in a minute)
• but it wasn’t passed
The French and Indian War
• Why should the colonists
accept the plan?
• What might the Iroquois
confederacy do now?
Albany Plan of Union
•Aware of the hard times that war could put on the
colonies, English officials suggested a "union between ye
Royal, Proprietary & Charter Governments." Some
colonial leaders agreed and in June 1754 delegates from
most of the northern colonies and representatives from
the Six Iroquois Nations met in Albany, New York. They
decided on a "plan of union" drafted by Benjamin
Franklin. Under this plan each colonial legislature would
elect delegates to an American continental assembly
presided over by a royal governor.
•Benjamin
Franklin proposed the Albany
Plan-a formal proposal to unite the colonies
1754 → Albany Plan of Union
•Ben Franklin → representatives from New England, NY,
MD, PA
•Albany Congress → failed; Iroquois broke off relations
with Britain & threatened to trade with the French.
•First of all, Franklin knew there would be problems the government
would need to deal with after independence, such as finance, dealing
with the Indian tribes, control of trade, and defense.
•British officials realized that, if adopted, the plan could create a very
powerful government that His Majesty's Government might not be able
to control.
•The plan was rejected by the Crown and by the legislatures in several
of the colonies.
How Britain Almost Lost the War
Chapter 5,
Section 1
Event
What
Happened
Results
Albany Plan of
Union
To get the colonists to work
together to defeat the French,
Franklin proposed this plan for “one
general government” for the 13
colonies.
The colonial assemblies turned the
plan down.
Fort Necessity
Washington launched a surprise
attack against the French.
French and Indian forces
outnumbered Washington’s forces.
Washington surrendered.
Fort Duquesne
General Braddock led British and
colonial troops toward Fort
Duquesne.
The French launched a surprise
attack and defeated Braddock’s
troops.
Fort Oswego,
Fort William
Henry
The French succeeded in capturing
these forts.
Britain’s Indian allies began to
doubt the British.
How Great Britain Won the War
Chapter 5,
Section 1
Who or What
What
Happened
Results
William Pitt
Pitt became the new head of the
British government. Pitt’s first goal
was to win the war in North America.
Pitt sent his best generals, money,
and supplies to North America.
Louisbourg
Major General Amherst captured the
fort in 1758.
With the capture of the most
important French fort in Canada, the
tide of battle turned.
Fort Duquesne
The British seized it in 1758.
Fort Duquesne became Fort Pitt.
Fort Niagra,
Crown Point,
Fort
Ticonderoga
The British seized them in 1759.
Added to British success.
Quebec,
important city
overlooking the
St. Lawrence
River
In the dark, British troops led by
General Wolfe quietly climbed the
cliff and surprised the French.
The British and French troops
fought on the Plains of Abraham,
outside the city of Quebec. The
British won. Quebec surrendered.
Early Stages of the War
• France captured
British Forts
• French Indian
allies raided
frontier farms
• Killed settlers,
burned houses
and crops, drove
families back to
the coast
• French forces
from Canada
captured British
forts at Lake
Ontario and Lake
George
•After a year and a half of undeclared war, the French and the
English formally declared war in May 1756. For the first three
years of the war, the outnumbered French dominated the
battlefield, soundly defeating the English in battles at Fort Oswego
and Ticonderoga. Perhaps the most notorious battle of the war
was the French victory at Fort William Henry, which ended in a
massacre of British soldiers by Indians allied with the French.
The French and Indian War
• 1756 – William Pitt
unites colonies
• 1759 – British
defeat the French in
Quebec
• 1760 – Montreal
surrenders, ending
the fighting in
America
•
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•
•
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•
Pitt
Takes
Charge
Great Britain’s prospects in
America improved after William
Pitt became prime minister
Pitt decided that Britain would
pay for the war supplies- no
matter the cost
Pitt ran up an enormous debt
Pitt didn’t just want to settle in
Western territories, but wanted
to conquer French Canada
Troops were sent to America
under Jeffery Amherst and
James Wolfe
Many French forts were taken
and renamed
Including Fort Duquesne and
renamed
Fort Pitt
Battle of Quebec-turning
point of the war
•The tide turned for the British in
1758, as they began to make peace
with important Indian allies and,
under the direction of Lord William
Pitt began adapting their war
strategies to fit the territory and
landscape of the American frontier.
The French were also abandoned by
many of their Indian allies.
Exhausted by years of battle,
outnumbered and outgunned by
the British, the French collapsed
during the years 1758-59, climaxing
with a massive defeat at Quebec in
September 1759.
William Pitt (the Elder) 1708 -- 1778
•Pitt the Elder was Prime Minister during the French and Indian
War. When the British retook Fort Duquesne, they named it Fort
Pitt in honor of their Prime Minister. Pitt was responsible for
financing the British war effort, largely by taxing the British
colonies (including those in America).
1758-1761 → The Tide Turns for England
Battle of Quebec
•In a heroic battle British General James Wolfe defeated French general
Marquis de Montcalm that almost ended French occupation of Canada.
•Quebec was a natural fortress, a large city built on high bluffs, with
steep cliffs on either side of the city.
James Wolfe
•Brilliant British general who won the two
most different battles of the war,
Louisbourg and Quebec.
•He was second in command to Jeffery
Amherst but got most of the duties in
these two battles.
•Always poor in health, he somehow
managed to inspire his troops to victory.
•Right before the Battle of Quebec, he was
shot while inspecting his troops.
He stayed the course and led them to
victory. He later died from his wounds.
•
Marquis de Montcalm
•French commander in charge of all French
troops in Canada. He was the architect of the
"fort strategy," by which French forts were built
at key spots all across Canada.
•He won several small battles, but his greatest
success was in the taking of Fort Ticonderoga in
July 1758.
•The war took a decidedly British turn after that.
British victories at Crown Point and Louisbourg
left the St. Lawrence River open to attack, and
Montcalm retreated to Montreal then Quebec.
•He lost his prestige and his life at the Battle of
Quebec.
Treaty of Paris 1763
•The Treaty that officially ended the French and Indian War.
•The
British gained control over the area west of the 13 British Colonies all the way to
the Mississippi River. Exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade and India.
•The French agreed to give up any colonies in East of the Mississippi, Canada, and
India
•Since Spain had helped the French, the Spanish were also forced to give up Florida.
But the Spanish still held their territory west of the Mississippi River and in Central
and South America.
France lost
power in
North
America
•
•North
America
1763:
Following
the Treaty of
Paris
Effects of the War on Britain
1. It increased her colonial empire in
the Americas.
2. It greatly enlarged England’s debt.
3. Britain’s contempt for the colonials
created bitter feelings.
Therefore, England felt that amajor
reorganization of her
American Empire was necessary!
Effects of the War on the Colonies
1. It united them against a common enemy for the first time.
2. It created a socializing experience for all the
colonials who participated.
3. It created bitter feelings towards the British that would only
intensify.
Pontiac's Rebellion Was After the
Treaty of Paris
• After the French left, the British took over their forts.
• The British refused to give supplies to the Native
Americans, as the French had.
• British settlers also moved across the mountains
onto Native American land.
• Native Americans attacked settlers and destroyed
almost every British fort west of the Appalachians.
• They surrounded the three remaining forts.
• Then the British killed Indians that hadn't even
attacked them.
Pontiac's Rebellion cont.
• British officers then thought of a devastating plan
• They invited Delaware Indian leaders to talk and gave
them blankets infected with smallpox.
• This started a deadly outbreak.
• By the fall, the Native Americans had retreated
• Even so, the uprising made the British see that
defending Western lands would be costly and in
response, they issued the Proclamation of 1763.
• It forbade colonists to settle west of the Appalachians.
Long Lasting Effects: Tension on the Frontier
1763 → Pontiac’s Rebellion
Fort Detroit
British “gifts” of smallpox-infected
blankets from Fort Pitt.
Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)
Colonial Backlash
British → Proclamation
Line of 1763.
Colonials → Paxton Boys (PA)
“ If an Indian injures me, does it follow that I may revenge that injury on all Indians?”
-Benjamin Franklin